RESUMO

Este artigo tem por objetivo sistematizar, a partir de evidências científicas, aspectos determinantes para o sofrimento psicológico de profissionais de saúde no âmbito hospitalar ante a reorganização do processo de trabalho durante a pandemia da Covid-19. Trata-se de uma revisão de síntese integrativa de literatura, de natureza qualitativa, mediante a busca de artigos científicos nas bases de dados, Epistemonikos, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Embase, Scopus e Web of Science. O corpus final para análise foi constituído por 31 estudos. Para os resultados, consideraram-se, as multivariáveis de maior risco, fatores protetivos, condicionantes e determinantes para repercussões psicológicas em profissionais de saúde hospitalar no curso da pandemia da Covid-19. Por outro lado, o nível de exposição, as longas jornadas de trabalho, o medo de se infectar e infectar seus familiares, de trabalhar na linha de frente da Covid-19, a falta de Equipamentos de Proteção Individual (EPI) e o estigma foram os fatores determinantes e condicionantes para o sofrimento psicológico dos profissionais de saúde, diretamente relacionados com esgotamento ocupacional, burnout, Transtorno de Estresse Pós-Traumático, ansiedade, insônia e depressão. A sistematização pode suscitar reflexões acerca da necessidade de atualização de respostas políticas, por meio de diretrizes e competências, para estabelecer um processo de monitoramento contínuo da saúde mental dos profissionais de saúde.

PALAVRAS-CHAVES
Pessoal de saúde; Saúde mental; Estresse ocupacional; Hospitais; Covid-19

ABSTRACT

This article aims to systematize, from scientific evidence, the conditioning and determining aspects for psychological distress of health professionals in the hospital, in view of the reorganization of the work process during the pandemic of COVID-19. This is an integrative literature synthesis review, of a qualitative nature, by searching scientific articles in the scientific databases Epistemonikos, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science. The final corpus for analysis consisted of 31 studies. For the results, the multiple variables of higher risk, protective factors, conditioning, and determinants for psychological repercussions in hospital health professionals in the course of the COVID-19 pandemic were considered. On the other hand, the level of exposure, long working hours, fear of getting infected and infecting their families, of working in the front line of COVID-19, lack of Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) and stigma were the determining and conditioning factors for the psychological suffering of health professionals, directly related to, occupational burnout, burnout, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, insomnia, and depression. The systematization can cause reflections about the need for updating policy responses, through guidelines and competencies, to establish a process of continuous monitoring of the mental health of health professionals.

KEYWORDS
Health personnel; Mental health; Occupational stress; Hospitals; COVID-19

Introdução

A pandemia do novo coronavírus Sars-CoV-2 (Covid-19), além dos impactos sanitários, econômicos e sociais, desencadeou preocupações quanto aos potenciais riscos à saúde física e mental dos profissionais de saúde, devido às mudanças na reorganização do processo de trabalho. Particularmente, aqueles profissionais de saúde que atuavam diretamente no atendimento de casos de Covid-19, denominados profissionais da ‘linha de frente’ para o enfrentamento da Covid-19¹1 Helioterio MC, Lopes FQ, Sousa CC, et al. Covid-19: por que a proteção de trabalhadores e trabalhadoras da saúde é prioritária no combate à pandemia? Trab. Educ. Saúde. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 18(3). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-7746-sol00289.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-7746-sol002... , têm sido alvo de maior apreensão quanto às repercussões do período pandêmico.

As mudanças nas atividades laborais associam-se a implicações psicológicas negativas para os profissionais de saúde. Quando aportadas com condições precárias de trabalho, longas jornadas de trabalho, execução de plantões consecutivos ou dupla jornada de trabalho, baixa remuneração²2 Dal’Bosco EB, Floriano LS, Skupien SV, et al. Mental health of nursing in coping with COVID-19 at a regional university hospital. Rev Bras Enfermagem. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 73(supl2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0434.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0... , associaram-se a altas taxas de morbidade e mortalidade nos períodos iniciais da pandemia ante a falta ou a escassez de recursos materiais, a exemplo dos Equipamentos de Proteção Individual (EPI)³3 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.... ,⁴4 Siddiqui I, Aurelio M, Gupta A, et al. COVID-19: Causes of anxiety and wellbeing support needs of healthcare professionals in the UK: a cross-sectional survey. Clinic. Med. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 21(1):66-72. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-0502.
https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-050... ,⁵5 Oktay Arslan B, Batum Ö, Varol Y, et al. COVID-19 phobia in healthcare workers; a cross-sectional study from a pandemic hospital. Tuberk Toraks. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 69(2):207-16. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810.
https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810... . Posteriormente, a exposição a mortes em larga escala, os erros médicos, mudanças na rotina de trabalho e, no contexto social, a ampliação de ameaças, agressões por parte de indivíduos da comunidade geral, por receio de serem infectados, profissionais com sequelas de longa duração com comprometimento cognitivo ou psicológico⁶6 Lai J, Ma S, Wang Y, et al. Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 3(3):e203976. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.... , entre outros, são fatores que podem ter contribuído para ampliar o sofrimento mental⁷7 Khoo EJ, Lantos JD. Lessons learned from the COVID 19 pandemic. Acta Paediatrica. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 109(7):1323-5. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.15307.
https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.15307... .

Apesar de estudos recentes debaterem formas inovadoras de organização do trabalho e algumas estratégias para o apoio à saúde mental, pouco se sabe sobre os fatores associados a resultados psicológicos negativos dos profissionais de saúde. Assim, este artigo busca sistematizar, a partir de evidências científicas, aspectos determinantes para o sofrimento psicológico de profissionais de saúde no âmbito hospitalar, ante a reorganização do processo de trabalho durante a pandemia da Covid-19. Essas descobertas poderão ser relevantes para sistematizar critérios de monitoramento de indivíduos com maior risco de desenvolver problemas psicológicos durante uma crise sanitária de magnitude semelhante da pandemia da Covid-19.

Material e métodos

Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, descritivo e exploratório, que utilizou como técnica para a produção de dados a síntese de evidências da literatura científica. Para síntese e revisão dos dados, foram seguidos o manual do Joanna Briggs Institute e os princípios do protocolo Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA-SCR)⁸8 Page MJ, Moher D, Bossuyt PM, et al. PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (160). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n160.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n160... .

A busca de evidências foi realizada em 17 de maio de 2022 nas bases de dados científicas Epistemonikos, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Embase, Scopus e Web of Science.

Para elaboração de estratégias de busca e descrição do processo de busca, utilizaram-se descritores do MeSH/DeCS terms combinados com os operadores AND e OR para compor as estratégias para busca nas bases de dados, referentes ao período de janeiro de 2020 a janeiro de 2022: ScienceDirect e PubMed com a estratégia ((“health personnel” OR “healthcare workers”) AND (“sequelae mental covid”)), Epistemonikos, (“health personnel” OR “healthcare workers”) AND (“post-acute sequelae of COVID”), Embase, Health worker AND post-COVID syndrome, Web of Science (“health personnel” OR “healthcare workers”) AND (“post-acute sequelae of COVID”) e Scopus, (((“trabalhadores de saúde”) AND (“(“post-acute sequelae of COVID”))), (((“healthcare workers”) AND (“mental health”) (tabela 1).

Adotaram-se como critérios de inclusão estudos que abordavam fatores condicionantes ou determinantes para repercussões psicológicas em profissionais de saúde durante a Covid-19, publicados em inglês e espanhol. Não houve exclusão a priori de nenhuma abordagem metodológica, ou com base na localização geográfica e temporal.

Foram excluídos artigos que (1) não contemplavam a temática central (ou seja, não focados em saúde mental no cenário da Covid-19 e do LONG COVID); (2) não abordavam intervenção (por exemplo, estudos de prevalência, preparação para desastres, perda econômica); (3) que abordavam outros desastres relacionados à saúde e não relacionados a doenças (por exemplo, violência em massa, desastres naturais); (4) que abordavam tendências de saúde descritas como epidemias (por exemplo, obesidade). Assim como estudos não originais, como cartas ao editor, prefácios, comunicações breves, correções/erratas, comentários, editoriais, prelo, literatura cinzenta e artigos com texto completo indisponíveis.

Para a análise, os artigos identificados foram exportados para o Intelligent Systematic Review (RAYYAN)⁹9 Ouzzani M, Hammady H, Fedorowicz Z, et al. Rayyan—a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Syst Rev. 2016 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 5(1). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0384-4.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0384-... , um aplicativo desenvolvido para facilitar a triagem inicial de resumos e títulos. Procedeu-se à seleção dos estudos por meio da leitura dos títulos e dos resumos, observando-se os critérios de inclusão. A rotulagem e a filtragem de citações às cegas, foram realizadas por dois revisores independentes, com identificação automática de potencial duplicidade, sendo o conflito sanado por um terceiro avaliador.

O processo de seleção do estudo é descrito em um fluxograma (figura 1). O corpus final para análise foi constituído por 31 estudos. A partir da busca nas bases de dados, foram identificados 1.169 resultados, dos quais, 221 estavam duplicados. Com base na leitura de título e de resumo, 948 estudos foram avaliados, 788 excluídos por leitura de título, 102 excluídos por leitura de resumos e 58 incluídos na etapa final de leitura na íntegra, sendo excluídos 27 deles após leitura na íntegra, por não atenderem aos critérios de inclusão.

Os 31 artigos identificados no quadro 1 foram sistematizados em uma planilha do Excel (https://products.office.com/), contendo os seguintes termos: autor, país, fatores de risco e proteção para o sofrimento mental dos profissionais de saúde hospitalar no contexto da pandemia da Covid-19.

Resultados

Caracterização geral dos artigos incluídos na revisão

Identificou-se que os estudos selecionados foram publicados entre 2020 e 2022, todos sob a forma de artigos. Os países que mais tiveram publicações foram Reino Unido¹⁰10 Phiri P, Ramakrishnan R, Rathod S, et al. An evaluation of the mental health impact of SARS-CoV-2 on patients, general public and healthcare professionals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMed. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (34):100806. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100806.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.10... ,¹¹11 Pappa S, Sakkas N, Sakka E. A year in review: sleep dysfunction and psychological distress in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep Med. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]. 91:237-245. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389945721003919?via%3Dihub.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... ,¹²12 Murray E, Goodfellow H, Bindman J, et al. Development, deployment and evaluation of digitally enabled, remote, supported rehabilitation for people with long COVID-19 (Living With COVID-19 Recovery): protocol for a mixed-methods study. BMJ Open. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 12(2):e057408. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057408.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057... ,¹³13 Ollis L, Shanahan P. Stress, psychological distress and support in a health care organization during Covid 19: a cross sectional study. J. Nursing Manag. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 30(2):359-66. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13526.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13526... ,¹⁴14 Siddiqui I, Aurelio M, Gupta A, et al. COVID-19: Causes of anxiety and wellbeing support needs of healthcare professionals in the UK: a cross-sectional survey. Clin Med. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 21(1):66-72. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-0502.
https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-050... ; EUA¹⁵15 Grabbe L, Higgins MK, Baird M, et al. Impact of a resiliency training to support the mental well-being of front-line workers. Medical Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(7):616-21. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.0000000000001535.
https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.000000000000... ,¹⁶16 Prasad K, McLoughlin C, Stillman M, et al. Prevalence and correlates of stress and burnout among U.S. healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national cross-sectional survey study. EClinicalMed. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (35):100879. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100879.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.10... ,¹⁷17 Kanellopoulos D, Solomonov N, Ritholtz S, et al. The CopeNYP program: a model for brief treatment of psychological distress among healthcare workers and hospital staff. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (73):24-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2021.09.002.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2... ,¹⁸18 O’Sullivan O, Barker-Davies RM, Thompson K, et al. Reabilitação pós-COVID-19: observações transversais usando a ferramenta de avaliação remota do Stanford Hall. BMJ Mil Health. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 169(3):243-248. Disponível em: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34039689/.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34039689... ; China¹⁹19 Chow KM, Law BM, Ng MS, et al. A review of psychological issues among patients and healthcare staff during two major coronavirus disease outbreaks in china: contributory factors and management strategies. Inter J. Envi Rese Pub. Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 17(18):6673. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673... ,²⁰20 Juan Y, Yuanyuan C, Qiuxiang Y, et al. Psychological distress surveillance and related impact analysis of hospital staff during the COVID-19 epidemic in Chongqing, China. Comprehensive Psych. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (103):152198. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152198.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020... ; Índia²¹21 Chew NW, Lee GK, Tan BY, et al. A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak. Brain, Behav. Immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (88):559-65. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.049.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.04... ,²²22 Gupta B, Sharma V, Kumar N, et al. Anxiety and sleep disturbances among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in India: cross-sectional online survey. JMIR. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 6(4):e24206. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2196/24206.
https://doi.org/10.2196/24206... ; Irã²³23 Raoofi S, Pashazadeh Kan F, Rafiei S, et al. Anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in hospital staff: systematic review plus meta-analysis. BMJ Sup & Pal Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (13):127-135. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-003125.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-0... ,²⁴24 Kheradmand A, Mahjani M, Pirsalehi A, et al. Mental health status among healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic. Iranian J. Psych. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 16(3):250-259. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250.
https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250... ; Turquia²⁵25 Oktay Arslan B, Batum Ö, Varol Y, et al. COVID-19 phobia in healthcare workers; a cross-sectional study from a pandemic hospital. Tuberk Toraks. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 69(2):207-16. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810.
https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810... ,²⁶26 Htay MN, Marzo RR, AlRifai A, et al. Immediate impact of COVID-19 on mental health and its associated factors among healthcare workers: a global perspective across 31 countries. J. Global Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 10(2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020381.
https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020381... ; e Áustria²⁰20 Juan Y, Yuanyuan C, Qiuxiang Y, et al. Psychological distress surveillance and related impact analysis of hospital staff during the COVID-19 epidemic in Chongqing, China. Comprehensive Psych. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (103):152198. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152198.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020... ,²¹21 Chew NW, Lee GK, Tan BY, et al. A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak. Brain, Behav. Immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (88):559-65. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.049.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.04... ,²⁷27 Crevenna R. The Effects of a Multi-factorial Rehabilitation Program for Healthcare Workers Suffering From Post-COVID-19 Fatigue Syndrome. 2021. [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; Disponível em: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04841759.
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT0... ,²⁸28 Cabarkapa S, King JA, Ng CH. The psychiatric impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers. Austr. J. Gen Pract. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 49(12):791-5. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531.
https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531... .

Quanto ao delineamento metodológico, foram obtidos 21 estudos quantitativos²2 Dal’Bosco EB, Floriano LS, Skupien SV, et al. Mental health of nursing in coping with COVID-19 at a regional university hospital. Rev Bras Enfermagem. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 73(supl2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0434.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0... ,¹⁰10 Phiri P, Ramakrishnan R, Rathod S, et al. An evaluation of the mental health impact of SARS-CoV-2 on patients, general public and healthcare professionals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMed. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (34):100806. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100806.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.10... ,¹³13 Ollis L, Shanahan P. Stress, psychological distress and support in a health care organization during Covid 19: a cross sectional study. J. Nursing Manag. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 30(2):359-66. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13526.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13526... ,¹⁴14 Siddiqui I, Aurelio M, Gupta A, et al. COVID-19: Causes of anxiety and wellbeing support needs of healthcare professionals in the UK: a cross-sectional survey. Clin Med. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 21(1):66-72. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-0502.
https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-050... ,¹⁵15 Grabbe L, Higgins MK, Baird M, et al. Impact of a resiliency training to support the mental well-being of front-line workers. Medical Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(7):616-21. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.0000000000001535.
https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.000000000000... ,¹⁶16 Prasad K, McLoughlin C, Stillman M, et al. Prevalence and correlates of stress and burnout among U.S. healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national cross-sectional survey study. EClinicalMed. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (35):100879. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100879.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.10... ,¹⁷17 Kanellopoulos D, Solomonov N, Ritholtz S, et al. The CopeNYP program: a model for brief treatment of psychological distress among healthcare workers and hospital staff. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (73):24-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2021.09.002.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2... ,¹⁸18 O’Sullivan O, Barker-Davies RM, Thompson K, et al. Reabilitação pós-COVID-19: observações transversais usando a ferramenta de avaliação remota do Stanford Hall. BMJ Mil Health. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 169(3):243-248. Disponível em: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34039689/.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34039689... ,²⁰20 Juan Y, Yuanyuan C, Qiuxiang Y, et al. Psychological distress surveillance and related impact analysis of hospital staff during the COVID-19 epidemic in Chongqing, China. Comprehensive Psych. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (103):152198. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152198.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020... ,²¹21 Chew NW, Lee GK, Tan BY, et al. A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak. Brain, Behav. Immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (88):559-65. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.049.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.04... ,²²22 Gupta B, Sharma V, Kumar N, et al. Anxiety and sleep disturbances among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in India: cross-sectional online survey. JMIR. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 6(4):e24206. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2196/24206.
https://doi.org/10.2196/24206... ,²³23 Raoofi S, Pashazadeh Kan F, Rafiei S, et al. Anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in hospital staff: systematic review plus meta-analysis. BMJ Sup & Pal Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (13):127-135. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-003125.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-0... ,²⁴24 Kheradmand A, Mahjani M, Pirsalehi A, et al. Mental health status among healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic. Iranian J. Psych. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 16(3):250-259. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250.
https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250... ,²⁵25 Oktay Arslan B, Batum Ö, Varol Y, et al. COVID-19 phobia in healthcare workers; a cross-sectional study from a pandemic hospital. Tuberk Toraks. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 69(2):207-16. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810.
https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810... ,²⁶26 Htay MN, Marzo RR, AlRifai A, et al. Immediate impact of COVID-19 on mental health and its associated factors among healthcare workers: a global perspective across 31 countries. J. Global Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 10(2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020381.
https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020381... ,²⁷27 Crevenna R. The Effects of a Multi-factorial Rehabilitation Program for Healthcare Workers Suffering From Post-COVID-19 Fatigue Syndrome. 2021. [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; Disponível em: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04841759.
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT0... ,²⁹29 Awano N, Oyama N, Akiyama K, et al. Anxiety, depression, and resilience of healthcare workers in japan during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. Inter. Med. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(21):2693-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.5694-20.
https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine... ,³⁰30 Weibelzahl S, Reiter J, Duden G. Depression and anxiety in healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Epid and Infect. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (149):E46. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0950268821000303.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s095026882100030... ,³¹31 De Brier N, Stroobants S, Vandekerckhove P, et al. Factors affecting mental health of health care workers during coronavirus disease outbreaks (SARS, MERS & COVID-19): A rapid systematic review. PLOS ONE. 2020 [acesso em 11 nov 2022]; 15(12):e0244052. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244052.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024... ,³²32 Robles R, Morales-Chainé S, Bosch A, et al. Mental health problems among COVID-19 frontline healthcare workers and the other country-level epidemics: the case of Mexico. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(1):421. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421... ,³³33 Azoulay E, Pochard F, Reignier J, et al. Symptoms of mental health disorders in critical care physicians facing the second COVID-19 wave. Chest 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 160(3):944-55. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05.023.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05.... ; sete qualitativos³3 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.... ,¹¹11 Pappa S, Sakkas N, Sakka E. A year in review: sleep dysfunction and psychological distress in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep Med. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]. 91:237-245. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389945721003919?via%3Dihub.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... ,¹⁹19 Chow KM, Law BM, Ng MS, et al. A review of psychological issues among patients and healthcare staff during two major coronavirus disease outbreaks in china: contributory factors and management strategies. Inter J. Envi Rese Pub. Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 17(18):6673. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673... ,²⁸28 Cabarkapa S, King JA, Ng CH. The psychiatric impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers. Austr. J. Gen Pract. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 49(12):791-5. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531.
https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531... ,³⁴34 Carmassi C, Foghi C, Dell’Oste V, et al. PTSD symptoms in healthcare workers facing the three coronavirus outbreaks: What can we expect after the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Research. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (292):113312. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113312.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.... ,³⁵35 Crowe S, Howard AF, Vanderspank-Wright B, et al. The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of Canadian critical care nurses providing patient care during the early phase pandemic: a mixed method study. Inten. Crit. Care Nursing. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]: (63):102999. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.102999.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.1029... ,³⁶36 Cabarkapa S, Nadjidai SE, Murgier J, et al. The psychological impact of COVID-19 and other viral epidemics on frontline healthcare workers and ways to address it: a rapid systematic review. Brain behav. immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (8):100144. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100144.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.1001... e 3 mistos¹²12 Murray E, Goodfellow H, Bindman J, et al. Development, deployment and evaluation of digitally enabled, remote, supported rehabilitation for people with long COVID-19 (Living With COVID-19 Recovery): protocol for a mixed-methods study. BMJ Open. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 12(2):e057408. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057408.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057... ,³⁷37 Doherty AM, Colleran GC, Durcan L, et al. A pilot study of burnout and long covid in senior specialist doctors. Ir. j. med. Sci. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (191):133-137. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-021-02594-3.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-021-02594... ,³⁸38 Benzakour L, Langlois G, Marini V, et al. Implementation of a psychiatric consultation for healthcare workers during first wave of COVID-19 outbreak. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(8):4780. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780... .

Fatores individuais ou laborais associados a maior risco à saúde mental dos profissionais de saúde

INDIVIDUAIS

Características sociodemográficas associaram-se a maior predisposição a repercussões psicológicas, como ter comorbidades pré-existentes²¹21 Chew NW, Lee GK, Tan BY, et al. A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak. Brain, Behav. Immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (88):559-65. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.049.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.04... , história psiquiátrica prévia¹¹11 Pappa S, Sakkas N, Sakka E. A year in review: sleep dysfunction and psychological distress in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep Med. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]. 91:237-245. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389945721003919?via%3Dihub.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... ,³⁴34 Carmassi C, Foghi C, Dell’Oste V, et al. PTSD symptoms in healthcare workers facing the three coronavirus outbreaks: What can we expect after the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Research. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (292):113312. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113312.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.... , ser mais jovem²2 Dal’Bosco EB, Floriano LS, Skupien SV, et al. Mental health of nursing in coping with COVID-19 at a regional university hospital. Rev Bras Enfermagem. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 73(supl2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0434.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0... ,¹¹11 Pappa S, Sakkas N, Sakka E. A year in review: sleep dysfunction and psychological distress in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep Med. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]. 91:237-245. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389945721003919?via%3Dihub.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... ,²²22 Gupta B, Sharma V, Kumar N, et al. Anxiety and sleep disturbances among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in India: cross-sectional online survey. JMIR. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 6(4):e24206. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2196/24206.
https://doi.org/10.2196/24206... ,²³23 Raoofi S, Pashazadeh Kan F, Rafiei S, et al. Anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in hospital staff: systematic review plus meta-analysis. BMJ Sup & Pal Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (13):127-135. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-003125.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-0... ,²⁴24 Kheradmand A, Mahjani M, Pirsalehi A, et al. Mental health status among healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic. Iranian J. Psych. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 16(3):250-259. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250.
https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250... ,²⁵25 Oktay Arslan B, Batum Ö, Varol Y, et al. COVID-19 phobia in healthcare workers; a cross-sectional study from a pandemic hospital. Tuberk Toraks. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 69(2):207-16. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810.
https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810... ,²⁶26 Htay MN, Marzo RR, AlRifai A, et al. Immediate impact of COVID-19 on mental health and its associated factors among healthcare workers: a global perspective across 31 countries. J. Global Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 10(2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020381.
https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020381... ,²⁷27 Crevenna R. The Effects of a Multi-factorial Rehabilitation Program for Healthcare Workers Suffering From Post-COVID-19 Fatigue Syndrome. 2021. [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; Disponível em: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04841759.
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT0... ,²⁸28 Cabarkapa S, King JA, Ng CH. The psychiatric impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers. Austr. J. Gen Pract. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 49(12):791-5. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531.
https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531... ,²⁹29 Awano N, Oyama N, Akiyama K, et al. Anxiety, depression, and resilience of healthcare workers in japan during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. Inter. Med. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(21):2693-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.5694-20.
https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine... ,³²32 Robles R, Morales-Chainé S, Bosch A, et al. Mental health problems among COVID-19 frontline healthcare workers and the other country-level epidemics: the case of Mexico. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(1):421. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421... ,³³33 Azoulay E, Pochard F, Reignier J, et al. Symptoms of mental health disorders in critical care physicians facing the second COVID-19 wave. Chest 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 160(3):944-55. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05.023.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05.... ,³⁴34 Carmassi C, Foghi C, Dell’Oste V, et al. PTSD symptoms in healthcare workers facing the three coronavirus outbreaks: What can we expect after the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Research. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (292):113312. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113312.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.... ,³⁵35 Crowe S, Howard AF, Vanderspank-Wright B, et al. The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of Canadian critical care nurses providing patient care during the early phase pandemic: a mixed method study. Inten. Crit. Care Nursing. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]: (63):102999. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.102999.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.1029... ,³⁶36 Cabarkapa S, Nadjidai SE, Murgier J, et al. The psychological impact of COVID-19 and other viral epidemics on frontline healthcare workers and ways to address it: a rapid systematic review. Brain behav. immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (8):100144. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100144.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.1001... , sexo feminino²2 Dal’Bosco EB, Floriano LS, Skupien SV, et al. Mental health of nursing in coping with COVID-19 at a regional university hospital. Rev Bras Enfermagem. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 73(supl2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0434.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0... ,³3 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.... ,¹¹11 Pappa S, Sakkas N, Sakka E. A year in review: sleep dysfunction and psychological distress in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep Med. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]. 91:237-245. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389945721003919?via%3Dihub.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... ,¹⁶16 Prasad K, McLoughlin C, Stillman M, et al. Prevalence and correlates of stress and burnout among U.S. healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national cross-sectional survey study. EClinicalMed. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (35):100879. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100879.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.10... ,¹⁹19 Chow KM, Law BM, Ng MS, et al. A review of psychological issues among patients and healthcare staff during two major coronavirus disease outbreaks in china: contributory factors and management strategies. Inter J. Envi Rese Pub. Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 17(18):6673. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673... ,²⁰20 Juan Y, Yuanyuan C, Qiuxiang Y, et al. Psychological distress surveillance and related impact analysis of hospital staff during the COVID-19 epidemic in Chongqing, China. Comprehensive Psych. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (103):152198. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152198.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020... ,²¹21 Chew NW, Lee GK, Tan BY, et al. A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak. Brain, Behav. Immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (88):559-65. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.049.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.04... ,²²22 Gupta B, Sharma V, Kumar N, et al. Anxiety and sleep disturbances among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in India: cross-sectional online survey. JMIR. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 6(4):e24206. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2196/24206.
https://doi.org/10.2196/24206... ,²³23 Raoofi S, Pashazadeh Kan F, Rafiei S, et al. Anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in hospital staff: systematic review plus meta-analysis. BMJ Sup & Pal Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (13):127-135. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-003125.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-0... ,²⁴24 Kheradmand A, Mahjani M, Pirsalehi A, et al. Mental health status among healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic. Iranian J. Psych. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 16(3):250-259. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250.
https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250... ,²⁵25 Oktay Arslan B, Batum Ö, Varol Y, et al. COVID-19 phobia in healthcare workers; a cross-sectional study from a pandemic hospital. Tuberk Toraks. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 69(2):207-16. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810.
https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810... ,²⁶26 Htay MN, Marzo RR, AlRifai A, et al. Immediate impact of COVID-19 on mental health and its associated factors among healthcare workers: a global perspective across 31 countries. J. Global Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 10(2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020381.
https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020381... ,²⁷27 Crevenna R. The Effects of a Multi-factorial Rehabilitation Program for Healthcare Workers Suffering From Post-COVID-19 Fatigue Syndrome. 2021. [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; Disponível em: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04841759.
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT0... ,²⁸28 Cabarkapa S, King JA, Ng CH. The psychiatric impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers. Austr. J. Gen Pract. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 49(12):791-5. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531.
https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531... ,²⁹29 Awano N, Oyama N, Akiyama K, et al. Anxiety, depression, and resilience of healthcare workers in japan during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. Inter. Med. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(21):2693-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.5694-20.
https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine... ,³²32 Robles R, Morales-Chainé S, Bosch A, et al. Mental health problems among COVID-19 frontline healthcare workers and the other country-level epidemics: the case of Mexico. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(1):421. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421... ,³³33 Azoulay E, Pochard F, Reignier J, et al. Symptoms of mental health disorders in critical care physicians facing the second COVID-19 wave. Chest 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 160(3):944-55. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05.023.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05.... ,³⁴34 Carmassi C, Foghi C, Dell’Oste V, et al. PTSD symptoms in healthcare workers facing the three coronavirus outbreaks: What can we expect after the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Research. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (292):113312. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113312.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.... ,³⁵35 Crowe S, Howard AF, Vanderspank-Wright B, et al. The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of Canadian critical care nurses providing patient care during the early phase pandemic: a mixed method study. Inten. Crit. Care Nursing. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]: (63):102999. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.102999.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.1029... ,³⁶36 Cabarkapa S, Nadjidai SE, Murgier J, et al. The psychological impact of COVID-19 and other viral epidemics on frontline healthcare workers and ways to address it: a rapid systematic review. Brain behav. immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (8):100144. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100144.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.1001... ,³⁷37 Doherty AM, Colleran GC, Durcan L, et al. A pilot study of burnout and long covid in senior specialist doctors. Ir. j. med. Sci. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (191):133-137. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-021-02594-3.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-021-02594... ,³⁸38 Benzakour L, Langlois G, Marini V, et al. Implementation of a psychiatric consultation for healthcare workers during first wave of COVID-19 outbreak. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(8):4780. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780... , ter filhos³3 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.... ,²⁵25 Oktay Arslan B, Batum Ö, Varol Y, et al. COVID-19 phobia in healthcare workers; a cross-sectional study from a pandemic hospital. Tuberk Toraks. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 69(2):207-16. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810.
https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810... ser solteiro²⁶26 Htay MN, Marzo RR, AlRifai A, et al. Immediate impact of COVID-19 on mental health and its associated factors among healthcare workers: a global perspective across 31 countries. J. Global Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 10(2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020381.
https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020381... ,³²32 Robles R, Morales-Chainé S, Bosch A, et al. Mental health problems among COVID-19 frontline healthcare workers and the other country-level epidemics: the case of Mexico. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(1):421. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421... ,³⁴34 Carmassi C, Foghi C, Dell’Oste V, et al. PTSD symptoms in healthcare workers facing the three coronavirus outbreaks: What can we expect after the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Research. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (292):113312. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113312.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.... ,³⁶36 Cabarkapa S, Nadjidai SE, Murgier J, et al. The psychological impact of COVID-19 and other viral epidemics on frontline healthcare workers and ways to address it: a rapid systematic review. Brain behav. immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (8):100144. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100144.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.1001... , estado civil casado e com filhos²²22 Gupta B, Sharma V, Kumar N, et al. Anxiety and sleep disturbances among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in India: cross-sectional online survey. JMIR. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 6(4):e24206. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2196/24206.
https://doi.org/10.2196/24206... (quadro 1).

Além disso, o convívio direto com o acentuado sofrimento de pacientes e familiares, o sentimento de impotência diante desse sofrimento, preocupação com a segurança de familiares e colegas³3 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.... , status de Covid-19 entre parentes de profissionais de saúde ou pessoas próximas³²32 Robles R, Morales-Chainé S, Bosch A, et al. Mental health problems among COVID-19 frontline healthcare workers and the other country-level epidemics: the case of Mexico. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(1):421. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421... e ter menor escolaridade (graduação)²⁴24 Kheradmand A, Mahjani M, Pirsalehi A, et al. Mental health status among healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic. Iranian J. Psych. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 16(3):250-259. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250.
https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250... .

O luto pela morte de entes queridos ou pessoas próximas em decorrência da Covid-19³²32 Robles R, Morales-Chainé S, Bosch A, et al. Mental health problems among COVID-19 frontline healthcare workers and the other country-level epidemics: the case of Mexico. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(1):421. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421... , trabalhadores de saúde juniores com menos de 2 anos de experiência profissional e/ou reduzida experiência clínica constituíram outros aspectos relacionados a maior risco³⁴34 Carmassi C, Foghi C, Dell’Oste V, et al. PTSD symptoms in healthcare workers facing the three coronavirus outbreaks: What can we expect after the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Research. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (292):113312. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113312.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.... .

LABORAIS

Fatores ocupacionais condicionados a inadequadas jornadas de trabalho e de infraestrutura do ambiente hospitalar somaram-se aos potenciais riscos de contaminação no cuidado com os pacientes infectados pela Covid-19 e caracterizam-se como potenciais fatores determinantes para a amplificação das repercussões para a saúde mental e ocupacional dos profissionais de saúde²2 Dal’Bosco EB, Floriano LS, Skupien SV, et al. Mental health of nursing in coping with COVID-19 at a regional university hospital. Rev Bras Enfermagem. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 73(supl2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0434.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0... ,³3 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.... ,¹⁰10 Phiri P, Ramakrishnan R, Rathod S, et al. An evaluation of the mental health impact of SARS-CoV-2 on patients, general public and healthcare professionals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMed. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (34):100806. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100806.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.10... ,¹⁹19 Chow KM, Law BM, Ng MS, et al. A review of psychological issues among patients and healthcare staff during two major coronavirus disease outbreaks in china: contributory factors and management strategies. Inter J. Envi Rese Pub. Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 17(18):6673. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673... ,²²22 Gupta B, Sharma V, Kumar N, et al. Anxiety and sleep disturbances among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in India: cross-sectional online survey. JMIR. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 6(4):e24206. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2196/24206.
https://doi.org/10.2196/24206... ,²³23 Raoofi S, Pashazadeh Kan F, Rafiei S, et al. Anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in hospital staff: systematic review plus meta-analysis. BMJ Sup & Pal Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (13):127-135. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-003125.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-0... ,²⁴24 Kheradmand A, Mahjani M, Pirsalehi A, et al. Mental health status among healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic. Iranian J. Psych. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 16(3):250-259. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250.
https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250... ,²⁵25 Oktay Arslan B, Batum Ö, Varol Y, et al. COVID-19 phobia in healthcare workers; a cross-sectional study from a pandemic hospital. Tuberk Toraks. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 69(2):207-16. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810.
https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810... ,³⁷37 Doherty AM, Colleran GC, Durcan L, et al. A pilot study of burnout and long covid in senior specialist doctors. Ir. j. med. Sci. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (191):133-137. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-021-02594-3.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-021-02594... ,³⁸38 Benzakour L, Langlois G, Marini V, et al. Implementation of a psychiatric consultation for healthcare workers during first wave of COVID-19 outbreak. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(8):4780. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780... .

Entre as categorias profissionais, há ampla referência aos médicos e enfermeiros, e a Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) foi mencionada em alguns estudos como o ambiente mais propenso a repercussões emocionais e psicológicas²2 Dal’Bosco EB, Floriano LS, Skupien SV, et al. Mental health of nursing in coping with COVID-19 at a regional university hospital. Rev Bras Enfermagem. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 73(supl2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0434.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0... ,³3 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.... ,¹⁷17 Kanellopoulos D, Solomonov N, Ritholtz S, et al. The CopeNYP program: a model for brief treatment of psychological distress among healthcare workers and hospital staff. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (73):24-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2021.09.002.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2... ,¹⁹19 Chow KM, Law BM, Ng MS, et al. A review of psychological issues among patients and healthcare staff during two major coronavirus disease outbreaks in china: contributory factors and management strategies. Inter J. Envi Rese Pub. Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 17(18):6673. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673... ,²¹21 Chew NW, Lee GK, Tan BY, et al. A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak. Brain, Behav. Immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (88):559-65. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.049.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.04... ,²²22 Gupta B, Sharma V, Kumar N, et al. Anxiety and sleep disturbances among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in India: cross-sectional online survey. JMIR. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 6(4):e24206. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2196/24206.
https://doi.org/10.2196/24206... ,²³23 Raoofi S, Pashazadeh Kan F, Rafiei S, et al. Anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in hospital staff: systematic review plus meta-analysis. BMJ Sup & Pal Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (13):127-135. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-003125.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-0... ,²⁴24 Kheradmand A, Mahjani M, Pirsalehi A, et al. Mental health status among healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic. Iranian J. Psych. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 16(3):250-259. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250.
https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250... ,²⁵25 Oktay Arslan B, Batum Ö, Varol Y, et al. COVID-19 phobia in healthcare workers; a cross-sectional study from a pandemic hospital. Tuberk Toraks. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 69(2):207-16. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810.
https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810... ,²⁶26 Htay MN, Marzo RR, AlRifai A, et al. Immediate impact of COVID-19 on mental health and its associated factors among healthcare workers: a global perspective across 31 countries. J. Global Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 10(2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020381.
https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020381... ,²⁷27 Crevenna R. The Effects of a Multi-factorial Rehabilitation Program for Healthcare Workers Suffering From Post-COVID-19 Fatigue Syndrome. 2021. [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; Disponível em: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04841759.
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT0... ,²⁸28 Cabarkapa S, King JA, Ng CH. The psychiatric impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers. Austr. J. Gen Pract. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 49(12):791-5. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531.
https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531... ,²⁹29 Awano N, Oyama N, Akiyama K, et al. Anxiety, depression, and resilience of healthcare workers in japan during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. Inter. Med. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(21):2693-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.5694-20.
https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine... ,³¹31 De Brier N, Stroobants S, Vandekerckhove P, et al. Factors affecting mental health of health care workers during coronavirus disease outbreaks (SARS, MERS & COVID-19): A rapid systematic review. PLOS ONE. 2020 [acesso em 11 nov 2022]; 15(12):e0244052. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244052.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024... ,³²32 Robles R, Morales-Chainé S, Bosch A, et al. Mental health problems among COVID-19 frontline healthcare workers and the other country-level epidemics: the case of Mexico. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(1):421. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421... ,³³33 Azoulay E, Pochard F, Reignier J, et al. Symptoms of mental health disorders in critical care physicians facing the second COVID-19 wave. Chest 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 160(3):944-55. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05.023.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05.... ,³⁴34 Carmassi C, Foghi C, Dell’Oste V, et al. PTSD symptoms in healthcare workers facing the three coronavirus outbreaks: What can we expect after the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Research. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (292):113312. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113312.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.... ,³⁵35 Crowe S, Howard AF, Vanderspank-Wright B, et al. The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of Canadian critical care nurses providing patient care during the early phase pandemic: a mixed method study. Inten. Crit. Care Nursing. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]: (63):102999. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.102999.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.1029... ,³⁶36 Cabarkapa S, Nadjidai SE, Murgier J, et al. The psychological impact of COVID-19 and other viral epidemics on frontline healthcare workers and ways to address it: a rapid systematic review. Brain behav. immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (8):100144. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100144.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.1001... ,³⁷37 Doherty AM, Colleran GC, Durcan L, et al. A pilot study of burnout and long covid in senior specialist doctors. Ir. j. med. Sci. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (191):133-137. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-021-02594-3.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-021-02594... ,³⁸38 Benzakour L, Langlois G, Marini V, et al. Implementation of a psychiatric consultation for healthcare workers during first wave of COVID-19 outbreak. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(8):4780. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780... .

Cabe destacar que trabalhar em setores críticos da linha de frente, a exemplo dos departamentos de cuidados intensivos, emergência e clínicas de febre, em posições de alto risco²2 Dal’Bosco EB, Floriano LS, Skupien SV, et al. Mental health of nursing in coping with COVID-19 at a regional university hospital. Rev Bras Enfermagem. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 73(supl2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0434.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0... ,³3 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.... ,¹¹11 Pappa S, Sakkas N, Sakka E. A year in review: sleep dysfunction and psychological distress in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep Med. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]. 91:237-245. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389945721003919?via%3Dihub.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... ,¹³13 Ollis L, Shanahan P. Stress, psychological distress and support in a health care organization during Covid 19: a cross sectional study. J. Nursing Manag. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 30(2):359-66. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13526.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13526... ,¹⁷17 Kanellopoulos D, Solomonov N, Ritholtz S, et al. The CopeNYP program: a model for brief treatment of psychological distress among healthcare workers and hospital staff. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (73):24-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2021.09.002.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2... ,¹⁹19 Chow KM, Law BM, Ng MS, et al. A review of psychological issues among patients and healthcare staff during two major coronavirus disease outbreaks in china: contributory factors and management strategies. Inter J. Envi Rese Pub. Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 17(18):6673. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673... ,²⁴24 Kheradmand A, Mahjani M, Pirsalehi A, et al. Mental health status among healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic. Iranian J. Psych. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 16(3):250-259. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250.
https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250... ,²⁵25 Oktay Arslan B, Batum Ö, Varol Y, et al. COVID-19 phobia in healthcare workers; a cross-sectional study from a pandemic hospital. Tuberk Toraks. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 69(2):207-16. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810.
https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810... ,²⁸28 Cabarkapa S, King JA, Ng CH. The psychiatric impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers. Austr. J. Gen Pract. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 49(12):791-5. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531.
https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531... ,²⁹29 Awano N, Oyama N, Akiyama K, et al. Anxiety, depression, and resilience of healthcare workers in japan during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. Inter. Med. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(21):2693-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.5694-20.
https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine... ,³²32 Robles R, Morales-Chainé S, Bosch A, et al. Mental health problems among COVID-19 frontline healthcare workers and the other country-level epidemics: the case of Mexico. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(1):421. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421... ,³³33 Azoulay E, Pochard F, Reignier J, et al. Symptoms of mental health disorders in critical care physicians facing the second COVID-19 wave. Chest 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 160(3):944-55. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05.023.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05.... ,³⁴34 Carmassi C, Foghi C, Dell’Oste V, et al. PTSD symptoms in healthcare workers facing the three coronavirus outbreaks: What can we expect after the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Research. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (292):113312. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113312.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.... ,³⁵35 Crowe S, Howard AF, Vanderspank-Wright B, et al. The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of Canadian critical care nurses providing patient care during the early phase pandemic: a mixed method study. Inten. Crit. Care Nursing. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]: (63):102999. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.102999.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.1029... ,³⁶36 Cabarkapa S, Nadjidai SE, Murgier J, et al. The psychological impact of COVID-19 and other viral epidemics on frontline healthcare workers and ways to address it: a rapid systematic review. Brain behav. immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (8):100144. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100144.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.1001... ,³⁷37 Doherty AM, Colleran GC, Durcan L, et al. A pilot study of burnout and long covid in senior specialist doctors. Ir. j. med. Sci. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (191):133-137. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-021-02594-3.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-021-02594... ,³⁸38 Benzakour L, Langlois G, Marini V, et al. Implementation of a psychiatric consultation for healthcare workers during first wave of COVID-19 outbreak. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(8):4780. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780... , disponibilidade insuficiente de equipamentos de proteção individual ou uso prolongado ou reutilização de EPI, equipe reduzida da linha de base e contato com pessoas infectadas por Covid-19³3 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.... ,¹¹11 Pappa S, Sakkas N, Sakka E. A year in review: sleep dysfunction and psychological distress in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep Med. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]. 91:237-245. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389945721003919?via%3Dihub.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... ,¹³13 Ollis L, Shanahan P. Stress, psychological distress and support in a health care organization during Covid 19: a cross sectional study. J. Nursing Manag. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 30(2):359-66. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13526.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13526... ,¹⁹19 Chow KM, Law BM, Ng MS, et al. A review of psychological issues among patients and healthcare staff during two major coronavirus disease outbreaks in china: contributory factors and management strategies. Inter J. Envi Rese Pub. Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 17(18):6673. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673... ,²⁰20 Juan Y, Yuanyuan C, Qiuxiang Y, et al. Psychological distress surveillance and related impact analysis of hospital staff during the COVID-19 epidemic in Chongqing, China. Comprehensive Psych. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (103):152198. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152198.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020... ,²¹21 Chew NW, Lee GK, Tan BY, et al. A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak. Brain, Behav. Immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (88):559-65. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.049.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.04... ,²²22 Gupta B, Sharma V, Kumar N, et al. Anxiety and sleep disturbances among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in India: cross-sectional online survey. JMIR. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 6(4):e24206. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2196/24206.
https://doi.org/10.2196/24206... ,²³23 Raoofi S, Pashazadeh Kan F, Rafiei S, et al. Anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in hospital staff: systematic review plus meta-analysis. BMJ Sup & Pal Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (13):127-135. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-003125.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-0... ,²⁹29 Awano N, Oyama N, Akiyama K, et al. Anxiety, depression, and resilience of healthcare workers in japan during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. Inter. Med. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(21):2693-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.5694-20.
https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine... ,³⁰30 Weibelzahl S, Reiter J, Duden G. Depression and anxiety in healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Epid and Infect. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (149):E46. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0950268821000303.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s095026882100030... , são fatores determinantes e condicionantes que são comumente associados ao desenvolvimento da Condição Pós-Covid-19, amplificando ainda mais o risco de distúrbios do sono, estresse, depressão e ansiedade entre os profissionais de saúde.

Experiências buscaram a padronização de técnicas e o gerenciamento da qualidade das ações em saúde e dos processos de trabalho²2 Dal’Bosco EB, Floriano LS, Skupien SV, et al. Mental health of nursing in coping with COVID-19 at a regional university hospital. Rev Bras Enfermagem. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 73(supl2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0434.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0... ,³3 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.... ,¹⁰10 Phiri P, Ramakrishnan R, Rathod S, et al. An evaluation of the mental health impact of SARS-CoV-2 on patients, general public and healthcare professionals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMed. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (34):100806. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100806.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.10... ,¹¹11 Pappa S, Sakkas N, Sakka E. A year in review: sleep dysfunction and psychological distress in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep Med. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]. 91:237-245. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389945721003919?via%3Dihub.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... ,¹⁹19 Chow KM, Law BM, Ng MS, et al. A review of psychological issues among patients and healthcare staff during two major coronavirus disease outbreaks in china: contributory factors and management strategies. Inter J. Envi Rese Pub. Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 17(18):6673. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673... ,²²22 Gupta B, Sharma V, Kumar N, et al. Anxiety and sleep disturbances among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in India: cross-sectional online survey. JMIR. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 6(4):e24206. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2196/24206.
https://doi.org/10.2196/24206... ,²³23 Raoofi S, Pashazadeh Kan F, Rafiei S, et al. Anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in hospital staff: systematic review plus meta-analysis. BMJ Sup & Pal Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (13):127-135. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-003125.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-0... ,³¹31 De Brier N, Stroobants S, Vandekerckhove P, et al. Factors affecting mental health of health care workers during coronavirus disease outbreaks (SARS, MERS & COVID-19): A rapid systematic review. PLOS ONE. 2020 [acesso em 11 nov 2022]; 15(12):e0244052. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244052.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024... ,³⁴34 Carmassi C, Foghi C, Dell’Oste V, et al. PTSD symptoms in healthcare workers facing the three coronavirus outbreaks: What can we expect after the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Research. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (292):113312. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113312.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.... ,³⁵35 Crowe S, Howard AF, Vanderspank-Wright B, et al. The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of Canadian critical care nurses providing patient care during the early phase pandemic: a mixed method study. Inten. Crit. Care Nursing. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]: (63):102999. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.102999.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.1029... ,³⁶36 Cabarkapa S, Nadjidai SE, Murgier J, et al. The psychological impact of COVID-19 and other viral epidemics on frontline healthcare workers and ways to address it: a rapid systematic review. Brain behav. immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (8):100144. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100144.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.1001... ,³⁷37 Doherty AM, Colleran GC, Durcan L, et al. A pilot study of burnout and long covid in senior specialist doctors. Ir. j. med. Sci. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (191):133-137. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-021-02594-3.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-021-02594... ,³⁸38 Benzakour L, Langlois G, Marini V, et al. Implementation of a psychiatric consultation for healthcare workers during first wave of COVID-19 outbreak. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(8):4780. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780... com a inclusão de novos fluxos e rotinas, com intervalos de descanso adequados¹¹11 Pappa S, Sakkas N, Sakka E. A year in review: sleep dysfunction and psychological distress in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep Med. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]. 91:237-245. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389945721003919?via%3Dihub.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... ,²⁹29 Awano N, Oyama N, Akiyama K, et al. Anxiety, depression, and resilience of healthcare workers in japan during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. Inter. Med. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(21):2693-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.5694-20.
https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine... ,³¹31 De Brier N, Stroobants S, Vandekerckhove P, et al. Factors affecting mental health of health care workers during coronavirus disease outbreaks (SARS, MERS & COVID-19): A rapid systematic review. PLOS ONE. 2020 [acesso em 11 nov 2022]; 15(12):e0244052. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244052.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024... (redução da carga de trabalho), ambiente, organização do trabalho com arranjos de turnos de trabalho apropriados e flexíveis e divisão de atribuições entre as diferentes categorias, segurança ocupacional¹⁹19 Chow KM, Law BM, Ng MS, et al. A review of psychological issues among patients and healthcare staff during two major coronavirus disease outbreaks in china: contributory factors and management strategies. Inter J. Envi Rese Pub. Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 17(18):6673. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673... (com disponibilidade de equipamentos de proteção individual, em qualidade e quantidade suficientes)¹³13 Ollis L, Shanahan P. Stress, psychological distress and support in a health care organization during Covid 19: a cross sectional study. J. Nursing Manag. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 30(2):359-66. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13526.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13526... ,²³23 Raoofi S, Pashazadeh Kan F, Rafiei S, et al. Anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in hospital staff: systematic review plus meta-analysis. BMJ Sup & Pal Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (13):127-135. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-003125.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-0... ,³²32 Robles R, Morales-Chainé S, Bosch A, et al. Mental health problems among COVID-19 frontline healthcare workers and the other country-level epidemics: the case of Mexico. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(1):421. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421... ,³³33 Azoulay E, Pochard F, Reignier J, et al. Symptoms of mental health disorders in critical care physicians facing the second COVID-19 wave. Chest 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 160(3):944-55. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05.023.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05.... e oferecimento de auxílios materiais, como vaga de estacionamento ou transporte para traslado, hospedagem em hotel e refeições gratuitas³⁸38 Benzakour L, Langlois G, Marini V, et al. Implementation of a psychiatric consultation for healthcare workers during first wave of COVID-19 outbreak. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(8):4780. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780... .

Aditivamente, o rastreamento dos profissionais com infecção assintomática (vigilância e monitoramento de sintomáticos ou assintomáticos, vigilância contínua dos distúrbios psicológicos, intervenções psicológicas e psicossociais em longo prazo) interrompe a cadeia de transmissão no ambiente laboral, reduzindo a propagação do vírus e, em prossecução, o absenteísmo, corroborando a proteção da saúde mental dos profissionais¹⁰10 Phiri P, Ramakrishnan R, Rathod S, et al. An evaluation of the mental health impact of SARS-CoV-2 on patients, general public and healthcare professionals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMed. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (34):100806. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100806.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.10... ,¹¹11 Pappa S, Sakkas N, Sakka E. A year in review: sleep dysfunction and psychological distress in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep Med. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]. 91:237-245. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389945721003919?via%3Dihub.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... ,¹⁵15 Grabbe L, Higgins MK, Baird M, et al. Impact of a resiliency training to support the mental well-being of front-line workers. Medical Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(7):616-21. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.0000000000001535.
https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.000000000000... ,¹⁶16 Prasad K, McLoughlin C, Stillman M, et al. Prevalence and correlates of stress and burnout among U.S. healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national cross-sectional survey study. EClinicalMed. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (35):100879. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100879.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.10... ,²¹21 Chew NW, Lee GK, Tan BY, et al. A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak. Brain, Behav. Immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (88):559-65. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.049.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.04... ,²³23 Raoofi S, Pashazadeh Kan F, Rafiei S, et al. Anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in hospital staff: systematic review plus meta-analysis. BMJ Sup & Pal Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (13):127-135. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-003125.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-0... ,²⁴24 Kheradmand A, Mahjani M, Pirsalehi A, et al. Mental health status among healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic. Iranian J. Psych. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 16(3):250-259. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250.
https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250... ,²⁵25 Oktay Arslan B, Batum Ö, Varol Y, et al. COVID-19 phobia in healthcare workers; a cross-sectional study from a pandemic hospital. Tuberk Toraks. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 69(2):207-16. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810.
https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810... ,²⁶26 Htay MN, Marzo RR, AlRifai A, et al. Immediate impact of COVID-19 on mental health and its associated factors among healthcare workers: a global perspective across 31 countries. J. Global Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 10(2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020381.
https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020381... ,²⁸28 Cabarkapa S, King JA, Ng CH. The psychiatric impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers. Austr. J. Gen Pract. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 49(12):791-5. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531.
https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531... ,²⁹29 Awano N, Oyama N, Akiyama K, et al. Anxiety, depression, and resilience of healthcare workers in japan during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. Inter. Med. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(21):2693-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.5694-20.
https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine... ,³¹31 De Brier N, Stroobants S, Vandekerckhove P, et al. Factors affecting mental health of health care workers during coronavirus disease outbreaks (SARS, MERS & COVID-19): A rapid systematic review. PLOS ONE. 2020 [acesso em 11 nov 2022]; 15(12):e0244052. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244052.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024... ,³²32 Robles R, Morales-Chainé S, Bosch A, et al. Mental health problems among COVID-19 frontline healthcare workers and the other country-level epidemics: the case of Mexico. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(1):421. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421... ,³⁶36 Cabarkapa S, Nadjidai SE, Murgier J, et al. The psychological impact of COVID-19 and other viral epidemics on frontline healthcare workers and ways to address it: a rapid systematic review. Brain behav. immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (8):100144. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100144.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.1001... .

O gerenciamento das relações interpessoais contemplou o apoio à construção de convívio e condições de trabalho de confiança e iniciativas para fortalecimento do autocuidado, mediante o reforço às habilidades de autogestão da saúde, com inclusão de prática de atividade física (aulas de ginásticas gratuitas, exercício de relaxamento, atividades recreativas organizadas pela instituição)³3 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.... ,¹²12 Murray E, Goodfellow H, Bindman J, et al. Development, deployment and evaluation of digitally enabled, remote, supported rehabilitation for people with long COVID-19 (Living With COVID-19 Recovery): protocol for a mixed-methods study. BMJ Open. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 12(2):e057408. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057408.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057... ,¹³13 Ollis L, Shanahan P. Stress, psychological distress and support in a health care organization during Covid 19: a cross sectional study. J. Nursing Manag. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 30(2):359-66. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13526.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13526... ,¹⁵15 Grabbe L, Higgins MK, Baird M, et al. Impact of a resiliency training to support the mental well-being of front-line workers. Medical Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(7):616-21. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.0000000000001535.
https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.000000000000... ,¹⁹19 Chow KM, Law BM, Ng MS, et al. A review of psychological issues among patients and healthcare staff during two major coronavirus disease outbreaks in china: contributory factors and management strategies. Inter J. Envi Rese Pub. Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 17(18):6673. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673... ,³⁶36 Cabarkapa S, Nadjidai SE, Murgier J, et al. The psychological impact of COVID-19 and other viral epidemics on frontline healthcare workers and ways to address it: a rapid systematic review. Brain behav. immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (8):100144. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100144.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.1001... . Concomitantemente, para garantir o compartilhamento efetivo de informações³3 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.... ,¹⁰10 Phiri P, Ramakrishnan R, Rathod S, et al. An evaluation of the mental health impact of SARS-CoV-2 on patients, general public and healthcare professionals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMed. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (34):100806. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100806.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.10... ,³¹31 De Brier N, Stroobants S, Vandekerckhove P, et al. Factors affecting mental health of health care workers during coronavirus disease outbreaks (SARS, MERS & COVID-19): A rapid systematic review. PLOS ONE. 2020 [acesso em 11 nov 2022]; 15(12):e0244052. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244052.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024... e o trabalho integrado por meio do apoio organizacional e institucional, treinamento em Covid-19, segurança no trabalho³3 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.... ,¹¹11 Pappa S, Sakkas N, Sakka E. A year in review: sleep dysfunction and psychological distress in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep Med. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]. 91:237-245. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389945721003919?via%3Dihub.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... ,²³23 Raoofi S, Pashazadeh Kan F, Rafiei S, et al. Anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in hospital staff: systematic review plus meta-analysis. BMJ Sup & Pal Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (13):127-135. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-003125.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-0... ,³⁵35 Crowe S, Howard AF, Vanderspank-Wright B, et al. The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of Canadian critical care nurses providing patient care during the early phase pandemic: a mixed method study. Inten. Crit. Care Nursing. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]: (63):102999. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.102999.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.1029... e descanso suficiente¹¹11 Pappa S, Sakkas N, Sakka E. A year in review: sleep dysfunction and psychological distress in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep Med. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]. 91:237-245. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389945721003919?via%3Dihub.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... ,²⁹29 Awano N, Oyama N, Akiyama K, et al. Anxiety, depression, and resilience of healthcare workers in japan during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. Inter. Med. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(21):2693-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.5694-20.
https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine... ,³¹31 De Brier N, Stroobants S, Vandekerckhove P, et al. Factors affecting mental health of health care workers during coronavirus disease outbreaks (SARS, MERS & COVID-19): A rapid systematic review. PLOS ONE. 2020 [acesso em 11 nov 2022]; 15(12):e0244052. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244052.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024... .

Fatores determinantes e principais repercussões psicológicas dos profissionais de saúde hospitalar

Os estudos expressaram uma sucessão de fatores determinantes relacionados aos riscos iminentes à saúde mental dos profissionais de saúde (Healthcare Workers – HCWs), laborais, sociais, familiares e individuais.

LABORAIS

A sobrecarga laboral nos serviços de saúde, com a ampliação de casos suspeitos e confirmados da Covid-19, tornou os setores de internamento superlotados, com profissionais de saúde esgotados e mais suscetíveis às variações emocionais, implicações psicológicas e psiquiátricas²2 Dal’Bosco EB, Floriano LS, Skupien SV, et al. Mental health of nursing in coping with COVID-19 at a regional university hospital. Rev Bras Enfermagem. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 73(supl2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0434.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0... ,³3 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.... ,¹⁶16 Prasad K, McLoughlin C, Stillman M, et al. Prevalence and correlates of stress and burnout among U.S. healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national cross-sectional survey study. EClinicalMed. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (35):100879. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100879.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.10... ,¹⁹19 Chow KM, Law BM, Ng MS, et al. A review of psychological issues among patients and healthcare staff during two major coronavirus disease outbreaks in china: contributory factors and management strategies. Inter J. Envi Rese Pub. Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 17(18):6673. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673... ,²²22 Gupta B, Sharma V, Kumar N, et al. Anxiety and sleep disturbances among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in India: cross-sectional online survey. JMIR. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 6(4):e24206. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2196/24206.
https://doi.org/10.2196/24206... ,²³23 Raoofi S, Pashazadeh Kan F, Rafiei S, et al. Anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in hospital staff: systematic review plus meta-analysis. BMJ Sup & Pal Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (13):127-135. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-003125.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-0... ,²⁴24 Kheradmand A, Mahjani M, Pirsalehi A, et al. Mental health status among healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic. Iranian J. Psych. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 16(3):250-259. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250.
https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250... ,²⁵25 Oktay Arslan B, Batum Ö, Varol Y, et al. COVID-19 phobia in healthcare workers; a cross-sectional study from a pandemic hospital. Tuberk Toraks. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 69(2):207-16. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810.
https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810... ,²⁶26 Htay MN, Marzo RR, AlRifai A, et al. Immediate impact of COVID-19 on mental health and its associated factors among healthcare workers: a global perspective across 31 countries. J. Global Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 10(2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020381.
https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020381... ,²⁸28 Cabarkapa S, King JA, Ng CH. The psychiatric impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers. Austr. J. Gen Pract. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 49(12):791-5. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531.
https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531... ,³¹31 De Brier N, Stroobants S, Vandekerckhove P, et al. Factors affecting mental health of health care workers during coronavirus disease outbreaks (SARS, MERS & COVID-19): A rapid systematic review. PLOS ONE. 2020 [acesso em 11 nov 2022]; 15(12):e0244052. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244052.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024... ,³³33 Azoulay E, Pochard F, Reignier J, et al. Symptoms of mental health disorders in critical care physicians facing the second COVID-19 wave. Chest 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 160(3):944-55. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05.023.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05.... ,³⁵35 Crowe S, Howard AF, Vanderspank-Wright B, et al. The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of Canadian critical care nurses providing patient care during the early phase pandemic: a mixed method study. Inten. Crit. Care Nursing. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]: (63):102999. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.102999.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.1029... ,³⁷37 Doherty AM, Colleran GC, Durcan L, et al. A pilot study of burnout and long covid in senior specialist doctors. Ir. j. med. Sci. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (191):133-137. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-021-02594-3.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-021-02594... ,³⁸38 Benzakour L, Langlois G, Marini V, et al. Implementation of a psychiatric consultation for healthcare workers during first wave of COVID-19 outbreak. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(8):4780. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780... . Entre as preocupações, citam-se: o risco de exposição ao Sars-CoV-2 para si, familiares e amigos, medo de contaminação¹⁷17 Kanellopoulos D, Solomonov N, Ritholtz S, et al. The CopeNYP program: a model for brief treatment of psychological distress among healthcare workers and hospital staff. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (73):24-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2021.09.002.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2... ,³⁴34 Carmassi C, Foghi C, Dell’Oste V, et al. PTSD symptoms in healthcare workers facing the three coronavirus outbreaks: What can we expect after the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Research. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (292):113312. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113312.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.... ,³⁶36 Cabarkapa S, Nadjidai SE, Murgier J, et al. The psychological impact of COVID-19 and other viral epidemics on frontline healthcare workers and ways to address it: a rapid systematic review. Brain behav. immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (8):100144. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100144.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.1001... , medo de morrer, falta de EPI e insumos, longas jornadas de trabalho²2 Dal’Bosco EB, Floriano LS, Skupien SV, et al. Mental health of nursing in coping with COVID-19 at a regional university hospital. Rev Bras Enfermagem. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 73(supl2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0434.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0... ,¹⁶16 Prasad K, McLoughlin C, Stillman M, et al. Prevalence and correlates of stress and burnout among U.S. healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national cross-sectional survey study. EClinicalMed. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (35):100879. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100879.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.10... ,²⁶26 Htay MN, Marzo RR, AlRifai A, et al. Immediate impact of COVID-19 on mental health and its associated factors among healthcare workers: a global perspective across 31 countries. J. Global Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 10(2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020381.
https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020381... ,³⁵35 Crowe S, Howard AF, Vanderspank-Wright B, et al. The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of Canadian critical care nurses providing patient care during the early phase pandemic: a mixed method study. Inten. Crit. Care Nursing. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]: (63):102999. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.102999.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.1029... ,³⁶36 Cabarkapa S, Nadjidai SE, Murgier J, et al. The psychological impact of COVID-19 and other viral epidemics on frontline healthcare workers and ways to address it: a rapid systematic review. Brain behav. immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (8):100144. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100144.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.1001... ,³⁸38 Benzakour L, Langlois G, Marini V, et al. Implementation of a psychiatric consultation for healthcare workers during first wave of COVID-19 outbreak. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(8):4780. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780... , falta de treinamento adequado, incerteza, insegurança laboral³3 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.... ,⁴4 Siddiqui I, Aurelio M, Gupta A, et al. COVID-19: Causes of anxiety and wellbeing support needs of healthcare professionals in the UK: a cross-sectional survey. Clinic. Med. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 21(1):66-72. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-0502.
https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-050... ,¹¹11 Pappa S, Sakkas N, Sakka E. A year in review: sleep dysfunction and psychological distress in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep Med. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]. 91:237-245. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389945721003919?via%3Dihub.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... ,¹³13 Ollis L, Shanahan P. Stress, psychological distress and support in a health care organization during Covid 19: a cross sectional study. J. Nursing Manag. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 30(2):359-66. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13526.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13526... ,¹⁹19 Chow KM, Law BM, Ng MS, et al. A review of psychological issues among patients and healthcare staff during two major coronavirus disease outbreaks in china: contributory factors and management strategies. Inter J. Envi Rese Pub. Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 17(18):6673. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673... ,²²22 Gupta B, Sharma V, Kumar N, et al. Anxiety and sleep disturbances among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in India: cross-sectional online survey. JMIR. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 6(4):e24206. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2196/24206.
https://doi.org/10.2196/24206... ,²³23 Raoofi S, Pashazadeh Kan F, Rafiei S, et al. Anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in hospital staff: systematic review plus meta-analysis. BMJ Sup & Pal Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (13):127-135. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-003125.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-0... ,²⁴24 Kheradmand A, Mahjani M, Pirsalehi A, et al. Mental health status among healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic. Iranian J. Psych. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 16(3):250-259. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250.
https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250... ,²⁵25 Oktay Arslan B, Batum Ö, Varol Y, et al. COVID-19 phobia in healthcare workers; a cross-sectional study from a pandemic hospital. Tuberk Toraks. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 69(2):207-16. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810.
https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810... ,²⁸28 Cabarkapa S, King JA, Ng CH. The psychiatric impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers. Austr. J. Gen Pract. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 49(12):791-5. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531.
https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531... ,²⁹29 Awano N, Oyama N, Akiyama K, et al. Anxiety, depression, and resilience of healthcare workers in japan during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. Inter. Med. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(21):2693-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.5694-20.
https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine... ,³³33 Azoulay E, Pochard F, Reignier J, et al. Symptoms of mental health disorders in critical care physicians facing the second COVID-19 wave. Chest 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 160(3):944-55. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05.023.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05.... ,³⁶36 Cabarkapa S, Nadjidai SE, Murgier J, et al. The psychological impact of COVID-19 and other viral epidemics on frontline healthcare workers and ways to address it: a rapid systematic review. Brain behav. immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (8):100144. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100144.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.1001... ,³⁷37 Doherty AM, Colleran GC, Durcan L, et al. A pilot study of burnout and long covid in senior specialist doctors. Ir. j. med. Sci. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (191):133-137. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-021-02594-3.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-021-02594... , mudança de função e realocação para novos setores e o uso dos EPI por tempo prolongado²¹21 Chew NW, Lee GK, Tan BY, et al. A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak. Brain, Behav. Immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (88):559-65. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.049.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.04... ,²²22 Gupta B, Sharma V, Kumar N, et al. Anxiety and sleep disturbances among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in India: cross-sectional online survey. JMIR. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 6(4):e24206. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2196/24206.
https://doi.org/10.2196/24206... ,³¹31 De Brier N, Stroobants S, Vandekerckhove P, et al. Factors affecting mental health of health care workers during coronavirus disease outbreaks (SARS, MERS & COVID-19): A rapid systematic review. PLOS ONE. 2020 [acesso em 11 nov 2022]; 15(12):e0244052. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244052.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024... .

Foram identificadas implicações e demandas gerais em torno das frequentes modificações dos protocolos de atendimento e do uso dos EPI, insegurança no ambiente de trabalho³3 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.... ,⁴4 Siddiqui I, Aurelio M, Gupta A, et al. COVID-19: Causes of anxiety and wellbeing support needs of healthcare professionals in the UK: a cross-sectional survey. Clinic. Med. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 21(1):66-72. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-0502.
https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-050... ,²²22 Gupta B, Sharma V, Kumar N, et al. Anxiety and sleep disturbances among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in India: cross-sectional online survey. JMIR. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 6(4):e24206. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2196/24206.
https://doi.org/10.2196/24206... ,²³23 Raoofi S, Pashazadeh Kan F, Rafiei S, et al. Anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in hospital staff: systematic review plus meta-analysis. BMJ Sup & Pal Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (13):127-135. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-003125.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-0... ,³⁰30 Weibelzahl S, Reiter J, Duden G. Depression and anxiety in healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Epid and Infect. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (149):E46. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0950268821000303.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s095026882100030... , falta de informação³3 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.... ,⁴4 Siddiqui I, Aurelio M, Gupta A, et al. COVID-19: Causes of anxiety and wellbeing support needs of healthcare professionals in the UK: a cross-sectional survey. Clinic. Med. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 21(1):66-72. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-0502.
https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-050... ,³⁸38 Benzakour L, Langlois G, Marini V, et al. Implementation of a psychiatric consultation for healthcare workers during first wave of COVID-19 outbreak. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(8):4780. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780... , falta de apoio organizacional, institucional, comunicação deficiente¹¹11 Pappa S, Sakkas N, Sakka E. A year in review: sleep dysfunction and psychological distress in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep Med. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]. 91:237-245. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389945721003919?via%3Dihub.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... ,³⁵35 Crowe S, Howard AF, Vanderspank-Wright B, et al. The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of Canadian critical care nurses providing patient care during the early phase pandemic: a mixed method study. Inten. Crit. Care Nursing. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]: (63):102999. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.102999.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.1029... e premências de treinamento³3 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.... . Limitações operacionais referentes à oferta de testes e à falta de testagem regular repercutiram em esgotamento físico e mental, com implicações para a saúde mental dos profissionais de saúde⁴4 Siddiqui I, Aurelio M, Gupta A, et al. COVID-19: Causes of anxiety and wellbeing support needs of healthcare professionals in the UK: a cross-sectional survey. Clinic. Med. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 21(1):66-72. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-0502.
https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-050... .

Não obstante, para atender ao aumento da demanda de pacientes infectados com Covid-19, o compartilhamento de procedimentos com outros colegas, a indisponibilidade de ampliação de profissionais para atuar nas equipes, principalmente em setores críticos, e a escassez de pessoal foram descritos nos estudos examinados como outros fatores determinantes para o sofrimento mental³3 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.... ,¹¹11 Pappa S, Sakkas N, Sakka E. A year in review: sleep dysfunction and psychological distress in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep Med. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]. 91:237-245. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389945721003919?via%3Dihub.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... ,¹⁷17 Kanellopoulos D, Solomonov N, Ritholtz S, et al. The CopeNYP program: a model for brief treatment of psychological distress among healthcare workers and hospital staff. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (73):24-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2021.09.002.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2... ,³³33 Azoulay E, Pochard F, Reignier J, et al. Symptoms of mental health disorders in critical care physicians facing the second COVID-19 wave. Chest 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 160(3):944-55. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05.023.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05.... ,³⁷37 Doherty AM, Colleran GC, Durcan L, et al. A pilot study of burnout and long covid in senior specialist doctors. Ir. j. med. Sci. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (191):133-137. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-021-02594-3.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-021-02594... ,³⁸38 Benzakour L, Langlois G, Marini V, et al. Implementation of a psychiatric consultation for healthcare workers during first wave of COVID-19 outbreak. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(8):4780. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780... .

Ambientes com alta hierarquização de poder entre as categorias profissionais, perda de direitos trabalhistas, salários baixos²2 Dal’Bosco EB, Floriano LS, Skupien SV, et al. Mental health of nursing in coping with COVID-19 at a regional university hospital. Rev Bras Enfermagem. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 73(supl2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0434.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0... ,²¹21 Chew NW, Lee GK, Tan BY, et al. A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak. Brain, Behav. Immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (88):559-65. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.049.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.04... , ampliação de contratos com vínculos de trabalho precarizados e sem garantias trabalhistas, falta de estabilidade no emprego²2 Dal’Bosco EB, Floriano LS, Skupien SV, et al. Mental health of nursing in coping with COVID-19 at a regional university hospital. Rev Bras Enfermagem. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 73(supl2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0434.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0... . O fortalecimento da terceirização do trabalho, e do trabalhador just-in-time, presente no processo de uberização¹1 Helioterio MC, Lopes FQ, Sousa CC, et al. Covid-19: por que a proteção de trabalhadores e trabalhadoras da saúde é prioritária no combate à pandemia? Trab. Educ. Saúde. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 18(3). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-7746-sol00289.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-7746-sol002... , representou condição potencializadora para repercussões psicológicas.

SOCIAIS

O contexto social e a divulgação de fake news, mídias digitais⁴4 Siddiqui I, Aurelio M, Gupta A, et al. COVID-19: Causes of anxiety and wellbeing support needs of healthcare professionals in the UK: a cross-sectional survey. Clinic. Med. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 21(1):66-72. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-0502.
https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-050... ,¹⁰10 Phiri P, Ramakrishnan R, Rathod S, et al. An evaluation of the mental health impact of SARS-CoV-2 on patients, general public and healthcare professionals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMed. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (34):100806. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100806.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.10... ,²⁸28 Cabarkapa S, King JA, Ng CH. The psychiatric impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers. Austr. J. Gen Pract. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 49(12):791-5. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531.
https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531... , falta de informação¹¹11 Pappa S, Sakkas N, Sakka E. A year in review: sleep dysfunction and psychological distress in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep Med. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]. 91:237-245. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389945721003919?via%3Dihub.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... ,³⁰30 Weibelzahl S, Reiter J, Duden G. Depression and anxiety in healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Epid and Infect. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (149):E46. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0950268821000303.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s095026882100030... , estigmatização³3 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.... ,¹¹11 Pappa S, Sakkas N, Sakka E. A year in review: sleep dysfunction and psychological distress in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep Med. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]. 91:237-245. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389945721003919?via%3Dihub.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... ,²⁰20 Juan Y, Yuanyuan C, Qiuxiang Y, et al. Psychological distress surveillance and related impact analysis of hospital staff during the COVID-19 epidemic in Chongqing, China. Comprehensive Psych. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (103):152198. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152198.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020... ,²¹21 Chew NW, Lee GK, Tan BY, et al. A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak. Brain, Behav. Immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (88):559-65. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.049.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.04... ,²²22 Gupta B, Sharma V, Kumar N, et al. Anxiety and sleep disturbances among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in India: cross-sectional online survey. JMIR. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 6(4):e24206. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2196/24206.
https://doi.org/10.2196/24206... ,²⁴24 Kheradmand A, Mahjani M, Pirsalehi A, et al. Mental health status among healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic. Iranian J. Psych. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 16(3):250-259. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250.
https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250... ,²⁸28 Cabarkapa S, King JA, Ng CH. The psychiatric impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers. Austr. J. Gen Pract. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 49(12):791-5. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531.
https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531... ,³¹31 De Brier N, Stroobants S, Vandekerckhove P, et al. Factors affecting mental health of health care workers during coronavirus disease outbreaks (SARS, MERS & COVID-19): A rapid systematic review. PLOS ONE. 2020 [acesso em 11 nov 2022]; 15(12):e0244052. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244052.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024... ,³⁴34 Carmassi C, Foghi C, Dell’Oste V, et al. PTSD symptoms in healthcare workers facing the three coronavirus outbreaks: What can we expect after the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Research. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (292):113312. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113312.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.... ,³⁵35 Crowe S, Howard AF, Vanderspank-Wright B, et al. The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of Canadian critical care nurses providing patient care during the early phase pandemic: a mixed method study. Inten. Crit. Care Nursing. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]: (63):102999. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.102999.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.1029... ,³⁶36 Cabarkapa S, Nadjidai SE, Murgier J, et al. The psychological impact of COVID-19 and other viral epidemics on frontline healthcare workers and ways to address it: a rapid systematic review. Brain behav. immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (8):100144. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100144.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.1001... , dilemas éticos e morais²²22 Gupta B, Sharma V, Kumar N, et al. Anxiety and sleep disturbances among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in India: cross-sectional online survey. JMIR. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 6(4):e24206. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2196/24206.
https://doi.org/10.2196/24206... ,²⁸28 Cabarkapa S, King JA, Ng CH. The psychiatric impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers. Austr. J. Gen Pract. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 49(12):791-5. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531.
https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531... ,³⁶36 Cabarkapa S, Nadjidai SE, Murgier J, et al. The psychological impact of COVID-19 and other viral epidemics on frontline healthcare workers and ways to address it: a rapid systematic review. Brain behav. immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (8):100144. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100144.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.1001... e a ausência de um tratamento adequado colaboraram para amplificar um cenário de medo e insegurança entre os profissionais de saúde no contexto hospitalar⁴4 Siddiqui I, Aurelio M, Gupta A, et al. COVID-19: Causes of anxiety and wellbeing support needs of healthcare professionals in the UK: a cross-sectional survey. Clinic. Med. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 21(1):66-72. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-0502.
https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-050... ,¹⁷17 Kanellopoulos D, Solomonov N, Ritholtz S, et al. The CopeNYP program: a model for brief treatment of psychological distress among healthcare workers and hospital staff. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (73):24-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2021.09.002.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2... ,²⁵25 Oktay Arslan B, Batum Ö, Varol Y, et al. COVID-19 phobia in healthcare workers; a cross-sectional study from a pandemic hospital. Tuberk Toraks. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 69(2):207-16. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810.
https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810... ,³¹31 De Brier N, Stroobants S, Vandekerckhove P, et al. Factors affecting mental health of health care workers during coronavirus disease outbreaks (SARS, MERS & COVID-19): A rapid systematic review. PLOS ONE. 2020 [acesso em 11 nov 2022]; 15(12):e0244052. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244052.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024... . Ademais, conflitos morais¹⁵15 Grabbe L, Higgins MK, Baird M, et al. Impact of a resiliency training to support the mental well-being of front-line workers. Medical Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(7):616-21. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.0000000000001535.
https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.000000000000... ,²²22 Gupta B, Sharma V, Kumar N, et al. Anxiety and sleep disturbances among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in India: cross-sectional online survey. JMIR. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 6(4):e24206. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2196/24206.
https://doi.org/10.2196/24206... ,²⁸28 Cabarkapa S, King JA, Ng CH. The psychiatric impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers. Austr. J. Gen Pract. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 49(12):791-5. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531.
https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531... ,³⁶36 Cabarkapa S, Nadjidai SE, Murgier J, et al. The psychological impact of COVID-19 and other viral epidemics on frontline healthcare workers and ways to address it: a rapid systematic review. Brain behav. immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (8):100144. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100144.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.1001... , fadiga física e mental¹⁸18 O’Sullivan O, Barker-Davies RM, Thompson K, et al. Reabilitação pós-COVID-19: observações transversais usando a ferramenta de avaliação remota do Stanford Hall. BMJ Mil Health. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 169(3):243-248. Disponível em: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34039689/.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34039689... , isolamento no trabalho e na vida social²⁹29 Awano N, Oyama N, Akiyama K, et al. Anxiety, depression, and resilience of healthcare workers in japan during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. Inter. Med. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(21):2693-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.5694-20.
https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine... ,¹¹11 Pappa S, Sakkas N, Sakka E. A year in review: sleep dysfunction and psychological distress in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep Med. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]. 91:237-245. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389945721003919?via%3Dihub.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... ,²⁰20 Juan Y, Yuanyuan C, Qiuxiang Y, et al. Psychological distress surveillance and related impact analysis of hospital staff during the COVID-19 epidemic in Chongqing, China. Comprehensive Psych. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (103):152198. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152198.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020... ,²⁵25 Oktay Arslan B, Batum Ö, Varol Y, et al. COVID-19 phobia in healthcare workers; a cross-sectional study from a pandemic hospital. Tuberk Toraks. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 69(2):207-16. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810.
https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810... ,²⁶26 Htay MN, Marzo RR, AlRifai A, et al. Immediate impact of COVID-19 on mental health and its associated factors among healthcare workers: a global perspective across 31 countries. J. Global Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 10(2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020381.
https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020381... ,²⁸28 Cabarkapa S, King JA, Ng CH. The psychiatric impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers. Austr. J. Gen Pract. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 49(12):791-5. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531.
https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531... ,³¹31 De Brier N, Stroobants S, Vandekerckhove P, et al. Factors affecting mental health of health care workers during coronavirus disease outbreaks (SARS, MERS & COVID-19): A rapid systematic review. PLOS ONE. 2020 [acesso em 11 nov 2022]; 15(12):e0244052. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244052.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024... ,³⁴34 Carmassi C, Foghi C, Dell’Oste V, et al. PTSD symptoms in healthcare workers facing the three coronavirus outbreaks: What can we expect after the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Research. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (292):113312. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113312.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.... ,³⁵35 Crowe S, Howard AF, Vanderspank-Wright B, et al. The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of Canadian critical care nurses providing patient care during the early phase pandemic: a mixed method study. Inten. Crit. Care Nursing. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]: (63):102999. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.102999.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.1029... ,³⁶36 Cabarkapa S, Nadjidai SE, Murgier J, et al. The psychological impact of COVID-19 and other viral epidemics on frontline healthcare workers and ways to address it: a rapid systematic review. Brain behav. immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (8):100144. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100144.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.1001... ,³⁸38 Benzakour L, Langlois G, Marini V, et al. Implementation of a psychiatric consultation for healthcare workers during first wave of COVID-19 outbreak. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(8):4780. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780... , restrição e falta de tempo para atividade física, lazer³3 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.... , falta de apoio¹³13 Ollis L, Shanahan P. Stress, psychological distress and support in a health care organization during Covid 19: a cross sectional study. J. Nursing Manag. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 30(2):359-66. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13526.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13526... para administrar os compromissos pessoais e domésticos consigo mesmo e com a família²2 Dal’Bosco EB, Floriano LS, Skupien SV, et al. Mental health of nursing in coping with COVID-19 at a regional university hospital. Rev Bras Enfermagem. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 73(supl2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0434.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0... , luto devido à morte de entes queridos em decorrência da Covid-19, experiências negativas ou testemunho de mortes²⁹29 Awano N, Oyama N, Akiyama K, et al. Anxiety, depression, and resilience of healthcare workers in japan during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. Inter. Med. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(21):2693-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.5694-20.
https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine... ,³²32 Robles R, Morales-Chainé S, Bosch A, et al. Mental health problems among COVID-19 frontline healthcare workers and the other country-level epidemics: the case of Mexico. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(1):421. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421... ,³³33 Azoulay E, Pochard F, Reignier J, et al. Symptoms of mental health disorders in critical care physicians facing the second COVID-19 wave. Chest 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 160(3):944-55. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05.023.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05.... ocasionaram repercussões psicológicas diretamente relacionadas com exaustão mental, ansiedade e depressão.

FAMILIARES

O medo e o risco aumentado de ser infectado, adoecer, morrer e de infectar familiares e/ou amigos, perda de familiares e amigos, sofrer abandono nas relações interpessoais, separação dos seus familiares são preponderantes para o gênero feminino, para o qual acrescentam-se os transtornos do sono, ansiedade e depressão, em comparação ao gênero masculino²2 Dal’Bosco EB, Floriano LS, Skupien SV, et al. Mental health of nursing in coping with COVID-19 at a regional university hospital. Rev Bras Enfermagem. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 73(supl2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0434.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0... ,³3 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.... ,¹⁷17 Kanellopoulos D, Solomonov N, Ritholtz S, et al. The CopeNYP program: a model for brief treatment of psychological distress among healthcare workers and hospital staff. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (73):24-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2021.09.002.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2... ,²²22 Gupta B, Sharma V, Kumar N, et al. Anxiety and sleep disturbances among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in India: cross-sectional online survey. JMIR. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 6(4):e24206. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2196/24206.
https://doi.org/10.2196/24206... ,²³23 Raoofi S, Pashazadeh Kan F, Rafiei S, et al. Anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in hospital staff: systematic review plus meta-analysis. BMJ Sup & Pal Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (13):127-135. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-003125.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-0... ,²⁵25 Oktay Arslan B, Batum Ö, Varol Y, et al. COVID-19 phobia in healthcare workers; a cross-sectional study from a pandemic hospital. Tuberk Toraks. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 69(2):207-16. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810.
https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810... ,²⁹29 Awano N, Oyama N, Akiyama K, et al. Anxiety, depression, and resilience of healthcare workers in japan during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. Inter. Med. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(21):2693-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.5694-20.
https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine... ,³²32 Robles R, Morales-Chainé S, Bosch A, et al. Mental health problems among COVID-19 frontline healthcare workers and the other country-level epidemics: the case of Mexico. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(1):421. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421... . Apesar das atribuições do trabalho em saúde, as mulheres assumem maiores responsabilidades nos serviços domésticos e no cuidado com os filhos¹⁶16 Prasad K, McLoughlin C, Stillman M, et al. Prevalence and correlates of stress and burnout among U.S. healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national cross-sectional survey study. EClinicalMed. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (35):100879. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100879.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.10... ,¹⁷17 Kanellopoulos D, Solomonov N, Ritholtz S, et al. The CopeNYP program: a model for brief treatment of psychological distress among healthcare workers and hospital staff. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (73):24-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2021.09.002.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2... ,³⁵35 Crowe S, Howard AF, Vanderspank-Wright B, et al. The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of Canadian critical care nurses providing patient care during the early phase pandemic: a mixed method study. Inten. Crit. Care Nursing. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]: (63):102999. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.102999.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.1029... .

Segundo os estudos²2 Dal’Bosco EB, Floriano LS, Skupien SV, et al. Mental health of nursing in coping with COVID-19 at a regional university hospital. Rev Bras Enfermagem. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 73(supl2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0434.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0... ,³3 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.... ,¹⁰10 Phiri P, Ramakrishnan R, Rathod S, et al. An evaluation of the mental health impact of SARS-CoV-2 on patients, general public and healthcare professionals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMed. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (34):100806. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100806.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.10... ,¹³13 Ollis L, Shanahan P. Stress, psychological distress and support in a health care organization during Covid 19: a cross sectional study. J. Nursing Manag. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 30(2):359-66. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13526.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13526... ,¹⁵15 Grabbe L, Higgins MK, Baird M, et al. Impact of a resiliency training to support the mental well-being of front-line workers. Medical Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(7):616-21. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.0000000000001535.
https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.000000000000... ,¹⁶16 Prasad K, McLoughlin C, Stillman M, et al. Prevalence and correlates of stress and burnout among U.S. healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national cross-sectional survey study. EClinicalMed. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (35):100879. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100879.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.10... ,¹⁹19 Chow KM, Law BM, Ng MS, et al. A review of psychological issues among patients and healthcare staff during two major coronavirus disease outbreaks in china: contributory factors and management strategies. Inter J. Envi Rese Pub. Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 17(18):6673. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673... ,²⁵25 Oktay Arslan B, Batum Ö, Varol Y, et al. COVID-19 phobia in healthcare workers; a cross-sectional study from a pandemic hospital. Tuberk Toraks. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 69(2):207-16. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810.
https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810... ,³⁰30 Weibelzahl S, Reiter J, Duden G. Depression and anxiety in healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Epid and Infect. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (149):E46. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0950268821000303.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s095026882100030... ,³²32 Robles R, Morales-Chainé S, Bosch A, et al. Mental health problems among COVID-19 frontline healthcare workers and the other country-level epidemics: the case of Mexico. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(1):421. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421... ,³⁹39 Kavoor AR, Chakravarthy K, John T. Remote consultations in the era of COVID-19 pandemic: Preliminary experience in a regional Australian public acute mental health care setting. Asian J. Psych. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (51):102074. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102074.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.10207... , os profissionais de saúde que estão na linha de frente no combate à Covid-19 tendem a sofrer maior impacto negativo e pressões psicológicas, afetando a sua saúde mental, ficando mais vulneráveis a ansiedade, depressão, medo e insônia que podem acarretar uma possível síndrome de burnout.

Os profissionais de saúde, em sua maioria mulheres – que estão na linha de frente da assistência, foram submetidos a vários eventos estressores complementares durante o processo de cuidado de usuários suspeitos e/ ou infectados com Covid-19³3 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.... ,²¹21 Chew NW, Lee GK, Tan BY, et al. A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak. Brain, Behav. Immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (88):559-65. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.049.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.04... ,²⁹29 Awano N, Oyama N, Akiyama K, et al. Anxiety, depression, and resilience of healthcare workers in japan during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. Inter. Med. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(21):2693-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.5694-20.
https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine... ,³²32 Robles R, Morales-Chainé S, Bosch A, et al. Mental health problems among COVID-19 frontline healthcare workers and the other country-level epidemics: the case of Mexico. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(1):421. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421... ,³⁸38 Benzakour L, Langlois G, Marini V, et al. Implementation of a psychiatric consultation for healthcare workers during first wave of COVID-19 outbreak. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(8):4780. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780... . Outro importante determinante apontado foi o tipo de cargo exercido. Há um risco consideravelmente maior de ansiedade entre enfermeiras e técnicas de enfermagem, eventualmente, pelo maior tempo despendido no cuidado prestado aos pacientes infectados, além de haver prevalência do gênero feminino nessa categoria profissional. Esses fatores contribuíram para o aumento de casos de doenças psicológicas, como exaustão mental, síndrome de burnout, depressão, ansiedade, transtorno do estresse pós-traumático, ideações suicidas e automutilação²2 Dal’Bosco EB, Floriano LS, Skupien SV, et al. Mental health of nursing in coping with COVID-19 at a regional university hospital. Rev Bras Enfermagem. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 73(supl2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0434.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0... ,³3 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.... ,⁴4 Siddiqui I, Aurelio M, Gupta A, et al. COVID-19: Causes of anxiety and wellbeing support needs of healthcare professionals in the UK: a cross-sectional survey. Clinic. Med. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 21(1):66-72. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-0502.
https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-050... ,⁵5 Oktay Arslan B, Batum Ö, Varol Y, et al. COVID-19 phobia in healthcare workers; a cross-sectional study from a pandemic hospital. Tuberk Toraks. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 69(2):207-16. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810.
https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810... ,¹⁶16 Prasad K, McLoughlin C, Stillman M, et al. Prevalence and correlates of stress and burnout among U.S. healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national cross-sectional survey study. EClinicalMed. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (35):100879. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100879.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.10... ,¹⁹19 Chow KM, Law BM, Ng MS, et al. A review of psychological issues among patients and healthcare staff during two major coronavirus disease outbreaks in china: contributory factors and management strategies. Inter J. Envi Rese Pub. Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 17(18):6673. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673... ,²⁰20 Juan Y, Yuanyuan C, Qiuxiang Y, et al. Psychological distress surveillance and related impact analysis of hospital staff during the COVID-19 epidemic in Chongqing, China. Comprehensive Psych. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (103):152198. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152198.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020... ,²¹21 Chew NW, Lee GK, Tan BY, et al. A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak. Brain, Behav. Immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (88):559-65. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.049.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.04... ,²²22 Gupta B, Sharma V, Kumar N, et al. Anxiety and sleep disturbances among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in India: cross-sectional online survey. JMIR. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 6(4):e24206. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2196/24206.
https://doi.org/10.2196/24206... ,²³23 Raoofi S, Pashazadeh Kan F, Rafiei S, et al. Anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in hospital staff: systematic review plus meta-analysis. BMJ Sup & Pal Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (13):127-135. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-003125.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-0... ,²¹21 Chew NW, Lee GK, Tan BY, et al. A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak. Brain, Behav. Immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (88):559-65. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.049.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.04... ,²⁴24 Kheradmand A, Mahjani M, Pirsalehi A, et al. Mental health status among healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic. Iranian J. Psych. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 16(3):250-259. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250.
https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250... ,²⁹29 Awano N, Oyama N, Akiyama K, et al. Anxiety, depression, and resilience of healthcare workers in japan during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. Inter. Med. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(21):2693-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.5694-20.
https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine... ,³²32 Robles R, Morales-Chainé S, Bosch A, et al. Mental health problems among COVID-19 frontline healthcare workers and the other country-level epidemics: the case of Mexico. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(1):421. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421... ,³³33 Azoulay E, Pochard F, Reignier J, et al. Symptoms of mental health disorders in critical care physicians facing the second COVID-19 wave. Chest 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 160(3):944-55. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05.023.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05.... ,³⁶36 Cabarkapa S, Nadjidai SE, Murgier J, et al. The psychological impact of COVID-19 and other viral epidemics on frontline healthcare workers and ways to address it: a rapid systematic review. Brain behav. immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (8):100144. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100144.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.1001... ,³⁸38 Benzakour L, Langlois G, Marini V, et al. Implementation of a psychiatric consultation for healthcare workers during first wave of COVID-19 outbreak. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(8):4780. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780... .

A equipe médica da linha de frente (que trabalha em isolamento respiratório, emergência, UTI Covid e infectologia) apresentou mais implicações para a sua saúde mental (medo, estresse, Transtorno de Estresse Pós-Traumático – TEPT, somatização, ansiedade e depressão)²2 Dal’Bosco EB, Floriano LS, Skupien SV, et al. Mental health of nursing in coping with COVID-19 at a regional university hospital. Rev Bras Enfermagem. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 73(supl2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0434.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0... ,³3 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.... ,¹³13 Ollis L, Shanahan P. Stress, psychological distress and support in a health care organization during Covid 19: a cross sectional study. J. Nursing Manag. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 30(2):359-66. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13526.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13526... ,¹⁴14 Siddiqui I, Aurelio M, Gupta A, et al. COVID-19: Causes of anxiety and wellbeing support needs of healthcare professionals in the UK: a cross-sectional survey. Clin Med. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 21(1):66-72. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-0502.
https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-050... ,¹⁵15 Grabbe L, Higgins MK, Baird M, et al. Impact of a resiliency training to support the mental well-being of front-line workers. Medical Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(7):616-21. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.0000000000001535.
https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.000000000000... ,¹⁶16 Prasad K, McLoughlin C, Stillman M, et al. Prevalence and correlates of stress and burnout among U.S. healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national cross-sectional survey study. EClinicalMed. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (35):100879. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100879.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.10... ,¹⁷17 Kanellopoulos D, Solomonov N, Ritholtz S, et al. The CopeNYP program: a model for brief treatment of psychological distress among healthcare workers and hospital staff. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (73):24-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2021.09.002.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2... ,²⁰20 Juan Y, Yuanyuan C, Qiuxiang Y, et al. Psychological distress surveillance and related impact analysis of hospital staff during the COVID-19 epidemic in Chongqing, China. Comprehensive Psych. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (103):152198. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152198.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020... ,²²22 Gupta B, Sharma V, Kumar N, et al. Anxiety and sleep disturbances among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in India: cross-sectional online survey. JMIR. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 6(4):e24206. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2196/24206.
https://doi.org/10.2196/24206... ,²⁵25 Oktay Arslan B, Batum Ö, Varol Y, et al. COVID-19 phobia in healthcare workers; a cross-sectional study from a pandemic hospital. Tuberk Toraks. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 69(2):207-16. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810.
https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810... . Por fim, ressalta-se que a atuação desses profissionais demonstrou centralidade para o enfrentamento da pandemia. Portanto, o plano de enfrentamento da pandemia deve antever intervenções psicológicas e estratégias para proteção e preservação da saúde física e mental, inclusive para as sequelas da ‘covid longa’, secundárias da doença¹¹11 Pappa S, Sakkas N, Sakka E. A year in review: sleep dysfunction and psychological distress in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep Med. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]. 91:237-245. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389945721003919?via%3Dihub.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... ,²⁹29 Awano N, Oyama N, Akiyama K, et al. Anxiety, depression, and resilience of healthcare workers in japan during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. Inter. Med. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(21):2693-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.5694-20.
https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine... , nesses profissionais.

As principais repercussões psicológicas para os profissionais expostos à Covid-19 abrangeram: ansiedade²2 Dal’Bosco EB, Floriano LS, Skupien SV, et al. Mental health of nursing in coping with COVID-19 at a regional university hospital. Rev Bras Enfermagem. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 73(supl2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0434.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0... ,³3 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.... ,⁴4 Siddiqui I, Aurelio M, Gupta A, et al. COVID-19: Causes of anxiety and wellbeing support needs of healthcare professionals in the UK: a cross-sectional survey. Clinic. Med. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 21(1):66-72. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-0502.
https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-050... ,¹⁰10 Phiri P, Ramakrishnan R, Rathod S, et al. An evaluation of the mental health impact of SARS-CoV-2 on patients, general public and healthcare professionals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMed. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (34):100806. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100806.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.10... ,¹¹11 Pappa S, Sakkas N, Sakka E. A year in review: sleep dysfunction and psychological distress in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep Med. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]. 91:237-245. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389945721003919?via%3Dihub.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... ,¹²12 Murray E, Goodfellow H, Bindman J, et al. Development, deployment and evaluation of digitally enabled, remote, supported rehabilitation for people with long COVID-19 (Living With COVID-19 Recovery): protocol for a mixed-methods study. BMJ Open. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 12(2):e057408. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057408.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057... ,¹⁵15 Grabbe L, Higgins MK, Baird M, et al. Impact of a resiliency training to support the mental well-being of front-line workers. Medical Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(7):616-21. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.0000000000001535.
https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.000000000000... ,¹⁶16 Prasad K, McLoughlin C, Stillman M, et al. Prevalence and correlates of stress and burnout among U.S. healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national cross-sectional survey study. EClinicalMed. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (35):100879. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100879.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.10... ,¹⁷17 Kanellopoulos D, Solomonov N, Ritholtz S, et al. The CopeNYP program: a model for brief treatment of psychological distress among healthcare workers and hospital staff. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (73):24-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2021.09.002.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2... ,¹⁸18 O’Sullivan O, Barker-Davies RM, Thompson K, et al. Reabilitação pós-COVID-19: observações transversais usando a ferramenta de avaliação remota do Stanford Hall. BMJ Mil Health. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 169(3):243-248. Disponível em: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34039689/.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34039689... ,¹⁹19 Chow KM, Law BM, Ng MS, et al. A review of psychological issues among patients and healthcare staff during two major coronavirus disease outbreaks in china: contributory factors and management strategies. Inter J. Envi Rese Pub. Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 17(18):6673. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673... ,²⁰20 Juan Y, Yuanyuan C, Qiuxiang Y, et al. Psychological distress surveillance and related impact analysis of hospital staff during the COVID-19 epidemic in Chongqing, China. Comprehensive Psych. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (103):152198. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152198.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020... ,²¹21 Chew NW, Lee GK, Tan BY, et al. A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak. Brain, Behav. Immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (88):559-65. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.049.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.04... ,²²22 Gupta B, Sharma V, Kumar N, et al. Anxiety and sleep disturbances among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in India: cross-sectional online survey. JMIR. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 6(4):e24206. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2196/24206.
https://doi.org/10.2196/24206... ,²³23 Raoofi S, Pashazadeh Kan F, Rafiei S, et al. Anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in hospital staff: systematic review plus meta-analysis. BMJ Sup & Pal Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (13):127-135. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-003125.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-0... ,²⁴24 Kheradmand A, Mahjani M, Pirsalehi A, et al. Mental health status among healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic. Iranian J. Psych. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 16(3):250-259. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250.
https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250... ,²⁶26 Htay MN, Marzo RR, AlRifai A, et al. Immediate impact of COVID-19 on mental health and its associated factors among healthcare workers: a global perspective across 31 countries. J. Global Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 10(2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020381.
https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020381... ,²⁸28 Cabarkapa S, King JA, Ng CH. The psychiatric impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers. Austr. J. Gen Pract. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 49(12):791-5. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531.
https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531... ,²⁹29 Awano N, Oyama N, Akiyama K, et al. Anxiety, depression, and resilience of healthcare workers in japan during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. Inter. Med. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(21):2693-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.5694-20.
https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine... ,³⁰30 Weibelzahl S, Reiter J, Duden G. Depression and anxiety in healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Epid and Infect. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (149):E46. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0950268821000303.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s095026882100030... ,³¹31 De Brier N, Stroobants S, Vandekerckhove P, et al. Factors affecting mental health of health care workers during coronavirus disease outbreaks (SARS, MERS & COVID-19): A rapid systematic review. PLOS ONE. 2020 [acesso em 11 nov 2022]; 15(12):e0244052. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244052.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024... ,³²32 Robles R, Morales-Chainé S, Bosch A, et al. Mental health problems among COVID-19 frontline healthcare workers and the other country-level epidemics: the case of Mexico. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(1):421. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421... ,³³33 Azoulay E, Pochard F, Reignier J, et al. Symptoms of mental health disorders in critical care physicians facing the second COVID-19 wave. Chest 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 160(3):944-55. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05.023.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05.... ,³⁵35 Crowe S, Howard AF, Vanderspank-Wright B, et al. The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of Canadian critical care nurses providing patient care during the early phase pandemic: a mixed method study. Inten. Crit. Care Nursing. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]: (63):102999. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.102999.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.1029... ,³⁶36 Cabarkapa S, Nadjidai SE, Murgier J, et al. The psychological impact of COVID-19 and other viral epidemics on frontline healthcare workers and ways to address it: a rapid systematic review. Brain behav. immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (8):100144. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100144.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.1001... ,³⁸38 Benzakour L, Langlois G, Marini V, et al. Implementation of a psychiatric consultation for healthcare workers during first wave of COVID-19 outbreak. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(8):4780. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780... , depressão ²2 Dal’Bosco EB, Floriano LS, Skupien SV, et al. Mental health of nursing in coping with COVID-19 at a regional university hospital. Rev Bras Enfermagem. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 73(supl2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0434.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0... ,³3 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.... ,⁴4 Siddiqui I, Aurelio M, Gupta A, et al. COVID-19: Causes of anxiety and wellbeing support needs of healthcare professionals in the UK: a cross-sectional survey. Clinic. Med. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 21(1):66-72. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-0502.
https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-050... ,¹⁰10 Phiri P, Ramakrishnan R, Rathod S, et al. An evaluation of the mental health impact of SARS-CoV-2 on patients, general public and healthcare professionals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMed. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (34):100806. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100806.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.10... ,¹¹11 Pappa S, Sakkas N, Sakka E. A year in review: sleep dysfunction and psychological distress in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep Med. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]. 91:237-245. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389945721003919?via%3Dihub.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... ,¹²12 Murray E, Goodfellow H, Bindman J, et al. Development, deployment and evaluation of digitally enabled, remote, supported rehabilitation for people with long COVID-19 (Living With COVID-19 Recovery): protocol for a mixed-methods study. BMJ Open. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 12(2):e057408. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057408.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057... ,¹⁵15 Grabbe L, Higgins MK, Baird M, et al. Impact of a resiliency training to support the mental well-being of front-line workers. Medical Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(7):616-21. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.0000000000001535.
https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.000000000000... ,¹⁶16 Prasad K, McLoughlin C, Stillman M, et al. Prevalence and correlates of stress and burnout among U.S. healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national cross-sectional survey study. EClinicalMed. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (35):100879. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100879.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.10... ,¹⁷17 Kanellopoulos D, Solomonov N, Ritholtz S, et al. The CopeNYP program: a model for brief treatment of psychological distress among healthcare workers and hospital staff. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (73):24-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2021.09.002.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2... ,¹⁸18 O’Sullivan O, Barker-Davies RM, Thompson K, et al. Reabilitação pós-COVID-19: observações transversais usando a ferramenta de avaliação remota do Stanford Hall. BMJ Mil Health. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 169(3):243-248. Disponível em: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34039689/.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34039689... ,¹⁹19 Chow KM, Law BM, Ng MS, et al. A review of psychological issues among patients and healthcare staff during two major coronavirus disease outbreaks in china: contributory factors and management strategies. Inter J. Envi Rese Pub. Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 17(18):6673. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673... ,²⁰20 Juan Y, Yuanyuan C, Qiuxiang Y, et al. Psychological distress surveillance and related impact analysis of hospital staff during the COVID-19 epidemic in Chongqing, China. Comprehensive Psych. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (103):152198. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152198.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020... ,²¹21 Chew NW, Lee GK, Tan BY, et al. A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak. Brain, Behav. Immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (88):559-65. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.049.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.04... ,²²22 Gupta B, Sharma V, Kumar N, et al. Anxiety and sleep disturbances among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in India: cross-sectional online survey. JMIR. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 6(4):e24206. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2196/24206.
https://doi.org/10.2196/24206... ,²³23 Raoofi S, Pashazadeh Kan F, Rafiei S, et al. Anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in hospital staff: systematic review plus meta-analysis. BMJ Sup & Pal Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (13):127-135. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-003125.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-0... ,²¹21 Chew NW, Lee GK, Tan BY, et al. A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak. Brain, Behav. Immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (88):559-65. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.049.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.04... ,²⁴24 Kheradmand A, Mahjani M, Pirsalehi A, et al. Mental health status among healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic. Iranian J. Psych. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 16(3):250-259. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250.
https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250... ,²⁶26 Htay MN, Marzo RR, AlRifai A, et al. Immediate impact of COVID-19 on mental health and its associated factors among healthcare workers: a global perspective across 31 countries. J. Global Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 10(2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020381.
https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020381... ,²⁷27 Crevenna R. The Effects of a Multi-factorial Rehabilitation Program for Healthcare Workers Suffering From Post-COVID-19 Fatigue Syndrome. 2021. [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; Disponível em: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04841759.
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT0... ,²⁸28 Cabarkapa S, King JA, Ng CH. The psychiatric impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers. Austr. J. Gen Pract. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 49(12):791-5. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531.
https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531... ,²⁹29 Awano N, Oyama N, Akiyama K, et al. Anxiety, depression, and resilience of healthcare workers in japan during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. Inter. Med. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(21):2693-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.5694-20.
https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine... ,³⁰30 Weibelzahl S, Reiter J, Duden G. Depression and anxiety in healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Epid and Infect. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (149):E46. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0950268821000303.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s095026882100030... ,³¹31 De Brier N, Stroobants S, Vandekerckhove P, et al. Factors affecting mental health of health care workers during coronavirus disease outbreaks (SARS, MERS & COVID-19): A rapid systematic review. PLOS ONE. 2020 [acesso em 11 nov 2022]; 15(12):e0244052. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244052.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024... ,³²32 Robles R, Morales-Chainé S, Bosch A, et al. Mental health problems among COVID-19 frontline healthcare workers and the other country-level epidemics: the case of Mexico. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(1):421. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421... ,³³33 Azoulay E, Pochard F, Reignier J, et al. Symptoms of mental health disorders in critical care physicians facing the second COVID-19 wave. Chest 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 160(3):944-55. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05.023.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05.... ,³⁶36 Cabarkapa S, Nadjidai SE, Murgier J, et al. The psychological impact of COVID-19 and other viral epidemics on frontline healthcare workers and ways to address it: a rapid systematic review. Brain behav. immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (8):100144. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100144.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.1001... ,³⁸38 Benzakour L, Langlois G, Marini V, et al. Implementation of a psychiatric consultation for healthcare workers during first wave of COVID-19 outbreak. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(8):4780. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780... , TEPT ³3 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.... ,⁴4 Siddiqui I, Aurelio M, Gupta A, et al. COVID-19: Causes of anxiety and wellbeing support needs of healthcare professionals in the UK: a cross-sectional survey. Clinic. Med. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 21(1):66-72. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-0502.
https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-050... ,¹⁰10 Phiri P, Ramakrishnan R, Rathod S, et al. An evaluation of the mental health impact of SARS-CoV-2 on patients, general public and healthcare professionals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMed. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (34):100806. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100806.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.10... ,¹¹11 Pappa S, Sakkas N, Sakka E. A year in review: sleep dysfunction and psychological distress in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep Med. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]. 91:237-245. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389945721003919?via%3Dihub.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... ,¹⁵15 Grabbe L, Higgins MK, Baird M, et al. Impact of a resiliency training to support the mental well-being of front-line workers. Medical Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(7):616-21. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.0000000000001535.
https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.000000000000... ,¹⁷17 Kanellopoulos D, Solomonov N, Ritholtz S, et al. The CopeNYP program: a model for brief treatment of psychological distress among healthcare workers and hospital staff. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (73):24-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2021.09.002.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2... ,²⁰20 Juan Y, Yuanyuan C, Qiuxiang Y, et al. Psychological distress surveillance and related impact analysis of hospital staff during the COVID-19 epidemic in Chongqing, China. Comprehensive Psych. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (103):152198. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152198.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020... ,²¹21 Chew NW, Lee GK, Tan BY, et al. A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak. Brain, Behav. Immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (88):559-65. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.049.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.04... ,²⁴24 Kheradmand A, Mahjani M, Pirsalehi A, et al. Mental health status among healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic. Iranian J. Psych. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 16(3):250-259. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250.
https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250... ,²⁸28 Cabarkapa S, King JA, Ng CH. The psychiatric impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers. Austr. J. Gen Pract. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 49(12):791-5. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531.
https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531... ,²⁹29 Awano N, Oyama N, Akiyama K, et al. Anxiety, depression, and resilience of healthcare workers in japan during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. Inter. Med. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(21):2693-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.5694-20.
https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine... ,³¹31 De Brier N, Stroobants S, Vandekerckhove P, et al. Factors affecting mental health of health care workers during coronavirus disease outbreaks (SARS, MERS & COVID-19): A rapid systematic review. PLOS ONE. 2020 [acesso em 11 nov 2022]; 15(12):e0244052. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244052.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024... ,³³33 Azoulay E, Pochard F, Reignier J, et al. Symptoms of mental health disorders in critical care physicians facing the second COVID-19 wave. Chest 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 160(3):944-55. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05.023.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05.... ,³⁴34 Carmassi C, Foghi C, Dell’Oste V, et al. PTSD symptoms in healthcare workers facing the three coronavirus outbreaks: What can we expect after the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Research. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (292):113312. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113312.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.... ,³⁵35 Crowe S, Howard AF, Vanderspank-Wright B, et al. The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of Canadian critical care nurses providing patient care during the early phase pandemic: a mixed method study. Inten. Crit. Care Nursing. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]: (63):102999. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.102999.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.1029... ,³⁷37 Doherty AM, Colleran GC, Durcan L, et al. A pilot study of burnout and long covid in senior specialist doctors. Ir. j. med. Sci. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (191):133-137. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-021-02594-3.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-021-02594... ,³⁸38 Benzakour L, Langlois G, Marini V, et al. Implementation of a psychiatric consultation for healthcare workers during first wave of COVID-19 outbreak. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(8):4780. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780... , estresse³3 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.... ,⁴4 Siddiqui I, Aurelio M, Gupta A, et al. COVID-19: Causes of anxiety and wellbeing support needs of healthcare professionals in the UK: a cross-sectional survey. Clinic. Med. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 21(1):66-72. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-0502.
https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-050... ,¹⁰10 Phiri P, Ramakrishnan R, Rathod S, et al. An evaluation of the mental health impact of SARS-CoV-2 on patients, general public and healthcare professionals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMed. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (34):100806. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100806.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.10... ,¹¹11 Pappa S, Sakkas N, Sakka E. A year in review: sleep dysfunction and psychological distress in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep Med. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]. 91:237-245. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389945721003919?via%3Dihub.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... ,¹³13 Ollis L, Shanahan P. Stress, psychological distress and support in a health care organization during Covid 19: a cross sectional study. J. Nursing Manag. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 30(2):359-66. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13526.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13526... ,¹⁵15 Grabbe L, Higgins MK, Baird M, et al. Impact of a resiliency training to support the mental well-being of front-line workers. Medical Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(7):616-21. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.0000000000001535.
https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.000000000000... ,¹⁶16 Prasad K, McLoughlin C, Stillman M, et al. Prevalence and correlates of stress and burnout among U.S. healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national cross-sectional survey study. EClinicalMed. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (35):100879. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100879.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.10... ,¹⁷17 Kanellopoulos D, Solomonov N, Ritholtz S, et al. The CopeNYP program: a model for brief treatment of psychological distress among healthcare workers and hospital staff. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (73):24-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2021.09.002.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2... ,¹⁹19 Chow KM, Law BM, Ng MS, et al. A review of psychological issues among patients and healthcare staff during two major coronavirus disease outbreaks in china: contributory factors and management strategies. Inter J. Envi Rese Pub. Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 17(18):6673. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673... ,²⁰20 Juan Y, Yuanyuan C, Qiuxiang Y, et al. Psychological distress surveillance and related impact analysis of hospital staff during the COVID-19 epidemic in Chongqing, China. Comprehensive Psych. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (103):152198. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152198.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020... ,²¹21 Chew NW, Lee GK, Tan BY, et al. A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak. Brain, Behav. Immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (88):559-65. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.049.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.04... ,²²22 Gupta B, Sharma V, Kumar N, et al. Anxiety and sleep disturbances among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in India: cross-sectional online survey. JMIR. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 6(4):e24206. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2196/24206.
https://doi.org/10.2196/24206... ,²⁴24 Kheradmand A, Mahjani M, Pirsalehi A, et al. Mental health status among healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic. Iranian J. Psych. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 16(3):250-259. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250.
https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250... ,²⁷27 Crevenna R. The Effects of a Multi-factorial Rehabilitation Program for Healthcare Workers Suffering From Post-COVID-19 Fatigue Syndrome. 2021. [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; Disponível em: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04841759.
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT0... ,³⁰30 Weibelzahl S, Reiter J, Duden G. Depression and anxiety in healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Epid and Infect. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (149):E46. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0950268821000303.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s095026882100030... ,³¹31 De Brier N, Stroobants S, Vandekerckhove P, et al. Factors affecting mental health of health care workers during coronavirus disease outbreaks (SARS, MERS & COVID-19): A rapid systematic review. PLOS ONE. 2020 [acesso em 11 nov 2022]; 15(12):e0244052. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244052.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024... ,³⁸38 Benzakour L, Langlois G, Marini V, et al. Implementation of a psychiatric consultation for healthcare workers during first wave of COVID-19 outbreak. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(8):4780. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780... , insônia³3 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.... ,⁴4 Siddiqui I, Aurelio M, Gupta A, et al. COVID-19: Causes of anxiety and wellbeing support needs of healthcare professionals in the UK: a cross-sectional survey. Clinic. Med. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 21(1):66-72. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-0502.
https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-050... ,¹⁰10 Phiri P, Ramakrishnan R, Rathod S, et al. An evaluation of the mental health impact of SARS-CoV-2 on patients, general public and healthcare professionals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMed. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (34):100806. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100806.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.10... ,¹¹11 Pappa S, Sakkas N, Sakka E. A year in review: sleep dysfunction and psychological distress in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep Med. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]. 91:237-245. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389945721003919?via%3Dihub.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... ,¹⁹19 Chow KM, Law BM, Ng MS, et al. A review of psychological issues among patients and healthcare staff during two major coronavirus disease outbreaks in china: contributory factors and management strategies. Inter J. Envi Rese Pub. Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 17(18):6673. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673... ,²¹21 Chew NW, Lee GK, Tan BY, et al. A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak. Brain, Behav. Immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (88):559-65. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.049.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.04... ,²⁸28 Cabarkapa S, King JA, Ng CH. The psychiatric impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers. Austr. J. Gen Pract. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 49(12):791-5. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531.
https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531... ,²⁹29 Awano N, Oyama N, Akiyama K, et al. Anxiety, depression, and resilience of healthcare workers in japan during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. Inter. Med. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(21):2693-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.5694-20.
https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine... ,³¹31 De Brier N, Stroobants S, Vandekerckhove P, et al. Factors affecting mental health of health care workers during coronavirus disease outbreaks (SARS, MERS & COVID-19): A rapid systematic review. PLOS ONE. 2020 [acesso em 11 nov 2022]; 15(12):e0244052. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244052.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024... ,³²32 Robles R, Morales-Chainé S, Bosch A, et al. Mental health problems among COVID-19 frontline healthcare workers and the other country-level epidemics: the case of Mexico. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(1):421. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421... ,³³33 Azoulay E, Pochard F, Reignier J, et al. Symptoms of mental health disorders in critical care physicians facing the second COVID-19 wave. Chest 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 160(3):944-55. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05.023.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05.... .

Outras com menores citações nos estudos incluíram o transtorno de ansiedade generalizada¹¹11 Pappa S, Sakkas N, Sakka E. A year in review: sleep dysfunction and psychological distress in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep Med. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]. 91:237-245. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389945721003919?via%3Dihub.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... ,²²22 Gupta B, Sharma V, Kumar N, et al. Anxiety and sleep disturbances among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in India: cross-sectional online survey. JMIR. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 6(4):e24206. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2196/24206.
https://doi.org/10.2196/24206... , distúrbios do sono³3 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.... ,¹⁰10 Phiri P, Ramakrishnan R, Rathod S, et al. An evaluation of the mental health impact of SARS-CoV-2 on patients, general public and healthcare professionals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMed. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (34):100806. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100806.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.10... ,¹¹11 Pappa S, Sakkas N, Sakka E. A year in review: sleep dysfunction and psychological distress in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep Med. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]. 91:237-245. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389945721003919?via%3Dihub.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... ,¹⁵15 Grabbe L, Higgins MK, Baird M, et al. Impact of a resiliency training to support the mental well-being of front-line workers. Medical Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(7):616-21. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.0000000000001535.
https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.000000000000... ,²²22 Gupta B, Sharma V, Kumar N, et al. Anxiety and sleep disturbances among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in India: cross-sectional online survey. JMIR. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 6(4):e24206. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2196/24206.
https://doi.org/10.2196/24206... , exaustão mental³⁰30 Weibelzahl S, Reiter J, Duden G. Depression and anxiety in healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Epid and Infect. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (149):E46. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0950268821000303.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s095026882100030... ,³¹31 De Brier N, Stroobants S, Vandekerckhove P, et al. Factors affecting mental health of health care workers during coronavirus disease outbreaks (SARS, MERS & COVID-19): A rapid systematic review. PLOS ONE. 2020 [acesso em 11 nov 2022]; 15(12):e0244052. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244052.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024... ,³⁷37 Doherty AM, Colleran GC, Durcan L, et al. A pilot study of burnout and long covid in senior specialist doctors. Ir. j. med. Sci. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (191):133-137. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-021-02594-3.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-021-02594... ,³⁸38 Benzakour L, Langlois G, Marini V, et al. Implementation of a psychiatric consultation for healthcare workers during first wave of COVID-19 outbreak. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(8):4780. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780... , transtorno de somatização¹⁹19 Chow KM, Law BM, Ng MS, et al. A review of psychological issues among patients and healthcare staff during two major coronavirus disease outbreaks in china: contributory factors and management strategies. Inter J. Envi Rese Pub. Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 17(18):6673. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673... ,²⁰20 Juan Y, Yuanyuan C, Qiuxiang Y, et al. Psychological distress surveillance and related impact analysis of hospital staff during the COVID-19 epidemic in Chongqing, China. Comprehensive Psych. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (103):152198. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152198.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020... ,²⁸28 Cabarkapa S, King JA, Ng CH. The psychiatric impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers. Austr. J. Gen Pract. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 49(12):791-5. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531.
https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531... ,³²32 Robles R, Morales-Chainé S, Bosch A, et al. Mental health problems among COVID-19 frontline healthcare workers and the other country-level epidemics: the case of Mexico. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(1):421. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421... , disfunções cognitivas¹⁸18 O’Sullivan O, Barker-Davies RM, Thompson K, et al. Reabilitação pós-COVID-19: observações transversais usando a ferramenta de avaliação remota do Stanford Hall. BMJ Mil Health. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 169(3):243-248. Disponível em: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34039689/.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34039689... , medo³3 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.... ,¹⁹19 Chow KM, Law BM, Ng MS, et al. A review of psychological issues among patients and healthcare staff during two major coronavirus disease outbreaks in china: contributory factors and management strategies. Inter J. Envi Rese Pub. Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 17(18):6673. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673... ,²⁹29 Awano N, Oyama N, Akiyama K, et al. Anxiety, depression, and resilience of healthcare workers in japan during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. Inter. Med. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(21):2693-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.5694-20.
https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine... ,³¹31 De Brier N, Stroobants S, Vandekerckhove P, et al. Factors affecting mental health of health care workers during coronavirus disease outbreaks (SARS, MERS & COVID-19): A rapid systematic review. PLOS ONE. 2020 [acesso em 11 nov 2022]; 15(12):e0244052. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244052.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024... , angústia¹⁰10 Phiri P, Ramakrishnan R, Rathod S, et al. An evaluation of the mental health impact of SARS-CoV-2 on patients, general public and healthcare professionals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMed. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (34):100806. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100806.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.10... ,¹⁹19 Chow KM, Law BM, Ng MS, et al. A review of psychological issues among patients and healthcare staff during two major coronavirus disease outbreaks in china: contributory factors and management strategies. Inter J. Envi Rese Pub. Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 17(18):6673. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673... ,²⁹29 Awano N, Oyama N, Akiyama K, et al. Anxiety, depression, and resilience of healthcare workers in japan during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. Inter. Med. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(21):2693-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.5694-20.
https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine... ,³⁰30 Weibelzahl S, Reiter J, Duden G. Depression and anxiety in healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Epid and Infect. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (149):E46. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0950268821000303.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s095026882100030... ,³⁵35 Crowe S, Howard AF, Vanderspank-Wright B, et al. The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of Canadian critical care nurses providing patient care during the early phase pandemic: a mixed method study. Inten. Crit. Care Nursing. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]: (63):102999. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.102999.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.1029... , nervosismo e/ou irritabilidade³3 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.... ,³⁰30 Weibelzahl S, Reiter J, Duden G. Depression and anxiety in healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Epid and Infect. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (149):E46. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0950268821000303.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s095026882100030... , abuso de álcool de drogas⁴4 Siddiqui I, Aurelio M, Gupta A, et al. COVID-19: Causes of anxiety and wellbeing support needs of healthcare professionals in the UK: a cross-sectional survey. Clinic. Med. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 21(1):66-72. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-0502.
https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-050... ,¹⁵15 Grabbe L, Higgins MK, Baird M, et al. Impact of a resiliency training to support the mental well-being of front-line workers. Medical Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(7):616-21. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.0000000000001535.
https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.000000000000... , pensamentos suicidas³3 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.... ,¹⁰10 Phiri P, Ramakrishnan R, Rathod S, et al. An evaluation of the mental health impact of SARS-CoV-2 on patients, general public and healthcare professionals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMed. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (34):100806. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100806.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.10... , suicídio³3 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.... ,¹⁵15 Grabbe L, Higgins MK, Baird M, et al. Impact of a resiliency training to support the mental well-being of front-line workers. Medical Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(7):616-21. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.0000000000001535.
https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.000000000000... , letargia²¹21 Chew NW, Lee GK, Tan BY, et al. A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak. Brain, Behav. Immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (88):559-65. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.049.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.04... , pânico³3 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.... , trauma vicário³⁸38 Benzakour L, Langlois G, Marini V, et al. Implementation of a psychiatric consultation for healthcare workers during first wave of COVID-19 outbreak. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(8):4780. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780.
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https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810... .

Discussão

Os resultados desta revisão demonstram que os profissionais de saúde (HCWs) são o grupo mais vulnerável para contaminação por Covid-19 e o maior grupo ocupacional de pessoas com riscos de repercussões psicológicas prolongadas, decorrentes de efeitos negativos relacionados aos fatores determinantes associados às mudanças no trabalho. As novas condições para execução do trabalho desencadearam uma extensa lista de possíveis transtornos, sofrimento psíquico, estresse, angústia, insônia e medo, marcados por um prognóstico ainda incerto³²32 Robles R, Morales-Chainé S, Bosch A, et al. Mental health problems among COVID-19 frontline healthcare workers and the other country-level epidemics: the case of Mexico. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(1):421. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421... , associados a condições sociais, organizacionais e laborais.

Cabe reiterar a ênfase para a análise de fatores organizacionais e institucionais relacionados ao processo de trabalho que podem modular o adoecimento dos profissionais de saúde que estão na linha de frente, tendo em vista que regras, rotinas e valores conferem legitimidade, estabilidade e significado à forma como os indivíduos agem e se comunicam dentro das organizações.

Cabe situar que, com as mudanças na lógica organizacional durante a resposta à crise, o foco interpretativo perpassa o ambiente de trabalho e o repertório de risco, assim como fatores relacionados a elementos regulatórios, normativos e cognitivos que afetaram as decisões (majoritariamente rotuladas como uma organização de cima para baixo), os comportamentos e as posições profissionais nas instituições hospitalares. À medida que ‘novos’ departamentos eram construídos ou novas formas de organizar o fluxo de pacientes eram criadas, funcionários de todas as categorias e especialidades eram deslocados de suas unidades de trabalho regulares⁴⁰40 Jacobsson M, Härgestam M, Bååthe F, et al. Organizational logics in time of crises: How physicians narrate the healthcare response to the Covid-19 pandemic in Swedish hospitals. BMC. 2022 [acesso em 2022 nov 12]; 22(1). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-022-08094-z.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-022-08094... .

Nesse sentido, nas análises dos estudos, identificaram-se em categorias como enfermeiros e médicos ampliações das repercussões psicológicas na pandemia da Covid-19 e na condição pós-Covid-19³³33 Azoulay E, Pochard F, Reignier J, et al. Symptoms of mental health disorders in critical care physicians facing the second COVID-19 wave. Chest 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 160(3):944-55. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05.023.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05.... ,³⁴34 Carmassi C, Foghi C, Dell’Oste V, et al. PTSD symptoms in healthcare workers facing the three coronavirus outbreaks: What can we expect after the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Research. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (292):113312. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113312.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.... ,³⁵35 Crowe S, Howard AF, Vanderspank-Wright B, et al. The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of Canadian critical care nurses providing patient care during the early phase pandemic: a mixed method study. Inten. Crit. Care Nursing. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]: (63):102999. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.102999.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.1029... . Sem desconsiderar que as decisões laborais e as repercussões psicológicas são influenciadas pelas relações sociais e interpessoais dentro e fora do ambiente de trabalho.

Estudos com resultados semelhantes⁴¹41 Buselli R, Corsi M, Veltri A, et al. Mental health of Health Care Workers (HCWs): a review of organizational interventions put in place by local institutions to cope with new psychosocial challenges resulting from COVID-19. Psych. Research. 2021 [acesso em 2022 nov 12]; 299:113847. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113847.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2021.... ,⁴²42 Walton M, Murray E, Christian MD. Mental health care for medical staff and affiliated healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. European heart journal. Acute cardiovascular care. 2020 [acesso em 2022 nov 12]; 9(3):241-7. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1177/2048872620922795.
https://doi.org/10.1177/2048872620922795... apontam como preocupações de saúde pública os sinais de estresse ocupacional e alertam para a necessidade de esforços para melhorar a qualidade do equilíbrio entre vida profissional e pessoal, mesmo diante de um longo cenário de pandemia e suas consequências ao longo dos anos. Em outro estudo, os autores sistematizaram a eficácia do treinamento e das intervenções organizacionais para aliviar o impacto negativo da Covid-19 no trabalho. As intervenções diminuíram significativamente a força percebida da crise da Covid-19 e aumentaram a relevância do trabalho para a equipe médica em uma UTI, encarregada de cuidar de pacientes com Covid-19 em estado crítico⁴³43 Liu D, Chen Y, Li N. Tackling the negative impact of COVID-19 on work engagement and taking charge: A multi-study investigation of frontline health workers. J. appl. psychol. 2021 [acesso em 2022 nov 12]; 106(2):185-98. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000866.
https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000866... .

Nota-se que a atenção psicológica aos profissionais precisa ser contínua, e, no contexto da pandemia, torna-se imprescindível para que se garanta que o indivíduo tenha condições, de fato, para desenvolver cuidados aos usuários no contexto hospitalar³⁶36 Cabarkapa S, Nadjidai SE, Murgier J, et al. The psychological impact of COVID-19 and other viral epidemics on frontline healthcare workers and ways to address it: a rapid systematic review. Brain behav. immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (8):100144. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100144.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.1001... . Por outro lado, persiste uma preocupação com relação à adequação da oferta sistemática de acompanhamento psicológico aos profissionais de saúde que atuam nos setores críticos, haja vista que muitas organizações de saúde já comprometeram recursos para o bem-estar dos profissionais de saúde, mas poucas publicaram seus protocolos de intervenção. A maioria optou por serviços de linha de apoio, geralmente aplicáveis e eficazes para problemas sociais e psicológicos urgentes.

O monitoramento regular, mediante a testagem laboratorial dos profissionais de saúde, torna-se imprescindível, permitindo maior agilidade na reorganização da força de trabalho, uma vez que aqueles com resultado do teste negativo para Covid-19 retornam mais rapidamente às suas atividades laborais. Aditivamente, o rastreamento dos profissionais com infecção assintomática (vigilância e monitoramento de sintomáticos ou assintomáticos, vigilância contínua dos distúrbios psicológicos, intervenções psicológicas e psicossociais em longo prazo) interrompe a cadeia de transmissão no ambiente laboral, reduzindo a propagação do vírus e, em prossecução, o absenteísmo, colaborando para a proteção da saúde mental dos profissionais^37.

O aumento da jornada de trabalho, a redistribuição e o estigma ocupacional foram associados à saúde mental adversa. Nesse contexto, estudos⁴⁴44 Blanchard J, Li Y, Bentley SK, et al. The perceived work environment and well-being – a survey of emergency healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Acad Emer Med. 2022 [acesso em 2022 nov 12]; (29):851-861. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1111/acem.14519.
https://doi.org/10.1111/acem.14519... ,⁴⁵45 Labrague LJ, Santos JA. Fear of COVID 19, psychological distress, work satisfaction and turnover intention among frontline nurses. J. of Nurs. Manag. 2020 [acesso em 2022 nov 12]; 29(3):395-403. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13168.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13168... recomendam estratégias de organização orientadas para o relacionamento (por exemplo, apoio aos trabalhadores e suas famílias, comunicação transparente e compensação aos trabalhadores) durante uma pandemia, para preservação da saúde mental.

Considerações finais

O estudo retratou e sintetizou as multivariáveis de maior risco e os fatores de proteção à saúde mental dos profissionais de saúde no contexto hospitalar em tempos de Covid-19 associados a fatores determinantes e condicionantes de risco identificados nos âmbitos organizacional, social e pessoal.

Reconhecem-se as limitações deste estudo devido à falta de pesquisas anteriores sobre o tema abordado, considerando as novas lacunas provenientes do contexto inusitado de uma pandemia dessa magnitude. Desse modo, ressalta-se a importância de estudos observacionais longitudinais de longo alcance e ensaios clínicos para ampliar as evidências empíricas para que os formuladores de políticas respondam oportunamente a outras pandemias.

Ao considerar os fatores determinantes para o adoecimento psíquico nos profissionais de saúde no contexto hospitalar, os achados desta revisão podem constituir uma das iniciativas para subsidiar reflexões acerca da necessidade de construção de parâmetros para o monitoramento contínuo da saúde mental ancorados em políticas hospitalares. Estas, inclusive, podem ser adaptáveis para uso presencial ou em plataformas digitais, conforme as necessidades dos profissionais de saúde e a capacidade técnica dos hospitais, pois as repercussões psicológicas e psicossociais da pandemia de Covid-19 podem ter efeitos mais duradouros do que o esperado.

Assim, o desafio consiste, fundamentalmente, na atualização de respostas institucionais, por meio de diretrizes e fortalecimento de competências, para estabelecer um processo de monitoramento contínuo dos fatores de risco para repercussões mentais, em curto e longo prazos, que impactarão (ou já estão impactando) a força de trabalho, neste momento, ou ante outras situações que exijam a transformação rápida de processos de cuidado e de trabalho nos serviços de saúde.

Referências

Datas de Publicação

Histórico