ABSTRACT

This paper aimed to map population surveys that identify data on domestic, intra-family, intimate partner and sexual violence, including approaches to sexual behavior and sexual and gender diversity. This is a scoping review that follows the guidelines of the Joanna Briggs Institute and the PRISMA checklist. The search was carried out from December 2021 to April 2022 in the LILACS and Medline databases, Brazilian Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations for gray literature, and extended to 18 sources among websites and institutions relevant to the theme. Out of the 1,191 publications retrieved, 57 were included. Most of the surveys were conducted in Brazil, Portugal and the United States, with a recent increase in the last two decades. The studies focused mainly on domestic or sexual violence and obtained data by means of face-to-face interviews. It is clear that variables such as risk and protective factors, predictors and social determinants of violence are still underexplored in surveys, limiting the understanding of the matter. This review can support the planning of new research and subsequent prevention actions, evaluation of health services and interventions, as well as the fulfillment of public policies to manage the social and individual burden imposed on victims of violence.

KEYWORDS
Epidemiological surveys; Questionnaires; Violence; Exposure to violence

Introduction

Violence is a matter that permeates various contexts, histories, cultures, genders, and can be experienced by people at different stages of development. The world report on violence, proposed and carried out by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2002, was the first to globally address the issue, showing that more than 1.6 million people lost their lives annually as a result of collective, interpersonal or self-inflicted violence. WHO identified that the impact of those losses may indirectly harm an immeasurable number of people and showed that where situations of violence persist, health is strongly compromised collectively¹1 Krug EG, Dahlberg LL, Mercy JA, et al. Relatório mundial sobre violência e saúde [Internet]. Genebra: Organização Mundial da Saúde; 2002 [acesso em 2022 jan 7]. Disponível em: https://opas.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/relatorio-mundial-violencia-saude-1.pdf
https://opas.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2... .

When gender is specifically addressed, it is possible to identify that violence against women is present in all countries and cultures, harming millions of victims and their families. The WHO report estimated the prevalence of violence against women and informed that about 641 million women suffered violence in 2018 worldwide, and only 6% of them reported having been sexually assaulted by someone other than their husband or intimate partner. Due to underreporting, it can be said that the real number is probably significantly higher, and aggravated by the covid-19 pandemic²2 World Health Organization. Violence against women prevalence estimates, 2018: global, regional and national prevalence estimates for intimate partner violence against women and global and regional prevalence estimates for non-partner sexual violence against women [Internet]. World Health Organization. Geneva: WHO; 2021 [acesso em 2022 jan 7]. Disponível em: https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/341337
https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/341337... , ³3 Pan American Health Organization. Addressing violence against women in health policies and protocols in the Americas: A regional status report [Internet]. Washington, D.C.: PAHO; 2022 [acesso em 2022 jan 12]. Disponível em: https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665.2/56750/9789275126387_eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/1... .

An estimated 37% of women living in the poorest countries have experienced physical or sexual violence from their partner throughout their lives. Some of those countries reach rates up to one in two women. Younger women are at greater risk of recent violence. Among those who have been in an intimate relationship, the highest rates (up to 16%) of intimate partner violence in the last twelve months involved people between 15 and 24 years of age²2 World Health Organization. Violence against women prevalence estimates, 2018: global, regional and national prevalence estimates for intimate partner violence against women and global and regional prevalence estimates for non-partner sexual violence against women [Internet]. World Health Organization. Geneva: WHO; 2021 [acesso em 2022 jan 7]. Disponível em: https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/341337
https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/341337... .

Intimate partner violence is the most common form of violence against women. According to the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), violence against women is a widespread public health and human right problem. In Americas, one in three women suffers physical or sexual violence during her lifetime, and risk factors are found at the individual, family, community, and social spheres³3 Pan American Health Organization. Addressing violence against women in health policies and protocols in the Americas: A regional status report [Internet]. Washington, D.C.: PAHO; 2022 [acesso em 2022 jan 12]. Disponível em: https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665.2/56750/9789275126387_eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/1... .

The United Nations (UN) 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, in its sixteenth goal, provides for peace, justice and effective institutions. The goal for significantly reducing all forms of violence and mortality rates emphasizes the importance of research on this matter⁴4 United Nations. Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development [Internet]. [New York]: UN; 2021 [acesso em 2022 fev 4]. Disponível em: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld/publication
https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/po... .

Preventing violence requires addressing structural economic and social inequalities to ensure access to education, housing and safe work, and transforming gender-discriminatory norms and institutions²2 World Health Organization. Violence against women prevalence estimates, 2018: global, regional and national prevalence estimates for intimate partner violence against women and global and regional prevalence estimates for non-partner sexual violence against women [Internet]. World Health Organization. Geneva: WHO; 2021 [acesso em 2022 jan 7]. Disponível em: https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/341337
https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/341337... . Successful interventions also include strategies ensuring that essential services be available and accessible to survivors, support women’s organizations, challenge unjust social norms, reform discriminatory laws, and strengthen legal and care responses²2 World Health Organization. Violence against women prevalence estimates, 2018: global, regional and national prevalence estimates for intimate partner violence against women and global and regional prevalence estimates for non-partner sexual violence against women [Internet]. World Health Organization. Geneva: WHO; 2021 [acesso em 2022 jan 7]. Disponível em: https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/341337
https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/341337... . To this end, it is necessary for governmental, educational and research institutions to develop investigations based on the design of population surveys to map and monitor data that contribute to the definition of priorities, investments and that are able to subsidize public policies and intersectoral practices to fight against violence⁵5 Victora CG. Por que precisamos de inquéritos populacionais sobre saúde? Cad Saúde Pública. 2022;38(supl1):e00010222. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311XPT010222
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311XPT01022... .

Jointly analyzing survey data and routine secondary data from the Unified Health System (SUS) adds to and widens the understanding of health about a country’s population. In addition, surveys allow for the indicators assessed to be intersected for population subgroups, evidencing and monitoring social inequalities in health⁵5 Victora CG. Por que precisamos de inquéritos populacionais sobre saúde? Cad Saúde Pública. 2022;38(supl1):e00010222. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311XPT010222
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311XPT01022... .

Surveys carried out in different countries⁶6 Medina-Ariza J, Barberet R. Intimate partner violence in spain findings from a national survey. VAW. 2003;9(3):302-322. DOI: https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1177/1077801202250073
https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1177/1077... , ⁷7 Briceño-León R, Perdomo G. Violence against indigenous children and adolescents in Venezuela. Cad Saúde Pública. 2019;35(supl3). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00084718
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0008471... , ⁸8 Ariyo T, Jiang Q. Violência por parceiro íntimo e amamentação exclusiva de bebês: análise da pesquisa demográfica e de saúde da Nigéria de 2013. Int Amamentar J. 2021;16(15). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13006-021-00361-9
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13006-021-00361... question issues related to violence. They make possible to compare protection speeches with the reality of each place, in addition to ensuring data for the design of policies aimed at confronting that issue. The existing surveys in Brazil, even the Atlas of Violence⁹9 Cerqueira D, Bueno S, Alves PP, et al. Atlas da Violência 2022 [Internet]. Brasília, DF: Ipea, FBSP; 2020 [acesso em 2022 jan 23]. Disponível em: http://repositorio.ipea.gov.br/bitstream/11058/10214/1/Atlas-Violencia2020.pdf
http://repositorio.ipea.gov.br/bitstream... , are not sufficient to cover the various contexts and scenarios of violence existing in the Country. Many need to be reviewed and improved¹⁰10 Waldman EA, Novaes HMD, Albuquerque MFM, et al. Inquéritos populacionais: aspectos metodológicos, operacionais e éticos. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2008;11:168-179. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-790X2008000500018
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-790X200800... , bringing relevance to this review.

Scoping reviews allow for mapping, synthesizing, and analyzing broad and varied evidence on a given topic, in addition to subsidizing the construction of new investigations¹¹11 Munn Z, Peters MDJ, Stern C, et al. Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2018;18(1):143. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-018-0611-x
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-018-0611-... . Therefore, for the construction of surveys and studies on violence, it is useful to map the available evidence on how research and surveys on violence are carried out, what are the means used to approach the respondents, which variables to be applied, what hinds and eases the research, what is the methodological orientation, among others.

The purpose of the scoping review is not to inform the results on the outcomes of studies on violence, such as, for example, a traditional systematic review on the subject, but to guide, based on evidence in the literature, the best practices on how to carry out surveys and studies on violence with the population and to subsidize censuses, population studies, surveys, inquiries, and epidemiological studies that are, in turn, tools for the planning of public policies for managing violence and its consequences.

Thus, this study aimed to develop a scoping review to map population surveys with the purpose to identify data on domestic, intrafamily, intimate partner and sexual violences, including approaches to sexual behavior and sexual and gender diversity. The findings are expected to support the design of strategies for collecting and analyzing data on violence for further use in population surveys.

Material and methods

This is a scoping review classified as a descriptive, exploratory and bibliographic study. It followed the JBI methodology for scoping reviews¹²12 Peters MDJ, Godfrey C, McInerney P, et al. Chapter 11: Scoping Reviews. In: Aromataris E, Munn Z, editores. Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewer’s Manual. [local desconhecido]: The Joanna Briggs Institute; 2017 [acesso em 2022 jan 23]. Disponível em: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319713049_2017_Guidance_for_the_Conduct_of_JBI_Scoping_Reviews
https://www.researchgate.net/publication... , ¹³13 Peters MDJ, Marnie C, Tricco AC, et al. Updated methodological guidance for the conduct of scoping reviews. JBI Evid Synth. 2020;18(10):2119-2126. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11124/JBIES-20-00167
https://doi.org/10.11124/JBIES-20-00167... and the PRISMA-ScR¹⁴14 Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, et al. PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169(7):467-473. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850
https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850... checklist. The protocol here adopted was registered on the Open Science Framework (OSF) platform under DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/AJ6GC. Scoping reviews contain a search question and criteria broader than traditional systematic reviews, although they also adopt systematic and transparent methods during their preparation. It is a study design useful to broadly map the available evidence on a given theme¹⁴14 Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, et al. PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169(7):467-473. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850
https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850... .

The PCC acronym strategy was chosen for the research question definition, as follows: P for problem – population-based surveys; C for concept – domestic, intrafamily, intimate partner and sexual violences, including approaches also to sexual behavior and sexual and gender diversity as to those related to equity policies; and C for context – global. The review aimed at knowing surveys and population-based that addressed data on violence.

The selected documents contained data on respondents who suffered some kind of violence, such as the intentional use of force or power, real or threatened, against oneself, against another person, against a group or a community, which resulted or had the possibility of resulting in injury, death, psychological damage, developmental disability or deprivation¹⁵15 Silva VSTM, Pinto LF. Inquéritos domiciliares nacionais de base populacional em saúde: uma revisão narrativa. Ciênc saúde coletiva. 2020;26(9):4045-4058. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232021269.28792020
https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232021269... .

The eligible documents were those which addressed inquiries on data collection containing domestic, intrafamily, intimate partner and sexual violences, including approaches on sexual behavior and sexual and gender diversity, regardless the accountable institutions, and cultural or geographical aspects. Inquiry is understood as research methodologies adopting systematic data collection strategies based on interviews applied to a significant sample of the population under analysis with the aim to support the design and assessment of public policies¹⁶16 World Health Organization, Global Consultation on Violence and Health. Violence: a public health priority [Internet]. Geneva: WHO; 1996 [acesso em 2022 jan 11]. Disponível em: https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/179463
https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/179463... .

Search design

Preliminary searches were performed through databases that publish protocols, such as OSF, Cochrane, Figshare, JBI and PROSPERO, where no scope or systematic reviews on the subject were identified. Database searches were carried out from December 2021 to April 2022 and prioritized the retrieval of population-based surveys published in report format. Upon the absence of that material, studies published in the format of scientific papers were adopted.

An initial search limited to national and international databases – such as the Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEA) and the National Institute of Justice (USA) – was carried out to identify documents on the theme. Both relevant words from the text, titles and abstracts, and index terms used to describe the retrieved documents were used to develop a complete search design.

The search design included the descriptors “violence”, “exposure to violence”, “demographic inquiry”, “demography” and their variations, following the Health Sciences Descriptors (DeCS) and the Medical Subject

Headings (MeSH), adapted to each source of information, as well as the combination of the Boolean operators AND and OR. Given the non-classical characteristics of databases researched, the search in each of them had to be adapted to the resources available in their electronic addresses. We used strategies such as manual searches on website icons, simple search with terms like “violence” and “survey”, “violence and survey”, “violence”, among others, in search boxes of electronic addresses. Table 1 summarizes strategies, dates, and results of the searches carried out in each source. There was no restriction as for language or publication period.

Data sources

Searches were performed in databases and websites of institutions most commonly involved with these themes. Databases initially searched were LILACS and MEDLINE, in addition to Ipea portals, Observatory of Violence Against Women in Santa Catarina, Observatory of Violence Against Women in Rio Grande do Sul, Judicial Observatory of Violence Against Women in Rio de Janeiro, National Observatory of Gender Violence in Lisbon, Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, and Alcohol and Drugs Research Unit (UNIAD).

Further databases were identified and added during the selection process or in the reading phase of the publications in full: Laboratory for the Analysis of Violence, Brazilian Forum on Public Security, Marielle Franco Institute, Maria da Penha Institute, Patrícia Galvão Institute, Sou da Paz Institute, Brazilian Association for the Defense of Women, Children and Youth (ASBRAD), Association for Victim Support (APAV), Jorge Careli Latin American Center for the Study of Violence and Health (Information and Document Center (NID)/CLAVES), besides those already proposed in the review protocol. The search for unpublished studies and gray literature was carried out in the Brazilian Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (BDTD).

Selection of documents

All identified quotes were collected and inserted into an Excel spreadsheet. Titles and abstracts were analyzed by pairs of independent reviewers as to the inclusion criteria for the review. A pilot test was conducted to adjust the level of agreement among reviewers. All potentially relevant documents were retrieved in full. Pairs of independent reviewers assessed the full text of the selected quoting in detail, being the reasons for their exclusion from the studies recorded and reported. Any disagreement between reviewers at each stage of the selection process was solved with the aid of a third reviewer. Research outcomes were depicted by means of the flowchart PRISMA¹⁴14 Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, et al. PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169(7):467-473. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850
https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850... .

Data retrieval

In the first stage, pairs of reviewers extracted data independently, using an extraction form prepared and previously tested by the reviewers. The extracted data included bibliographic details and specific information for the review, following the topics: i) bibliographic details: study title, author(s), publication date, geographic location, and type of publication; ii) study details: objective(s), study design, study population – sex/gender, age, education, geographic region, income, race/color, marital status, occupation, religion, and whether they have children –, sample, screening instruments, and violence rates; iii) specific information for this scoping review: types of violence, variables adopted to describe conditions of domestic, intrafamily, intimate partner and sexual violences, including approaches to sexual behavior and sexual and gender diversity and related to equity policies and forms of investigation; and iv) main troubles.

There was no need to contact the authors whose documents were selected by de research for missing data or additional information.

Data summary

Based on the JBI scoping review guidelines¹²12 Peters MDJ, Godfrey C, McInerney P, et al. Chapter 11: Scoping Reviews. In: Aromataris E, Munn Z, editores. Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewer’s Manual. [local desconhecido]: The Joanna Briggs Institute; 2017 [acesso em 2022 jan 23]. Disponível em: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319713049_2017_Guidance_for_the_Conduct_of_JBI_Scoping_Reviews
https://www.researchgate.net/publication... , ¹³13 Peters MDJ, Marnie C, Tricco AC, et al. Updated methodological guidance for the conduct of scoping reviews. JBI Evid Synth. 2020;18(10):2119-2126. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11124/JBIES-20-00167
https://doi.org/10.11124/JBIES-20-00167... to illustrate and summarize key findings, data were depicted separately in tabular and graphical form for each approach.

A brief description accompanied the results. All findings were merged and classified as to main categories retrieved during the data retrieval process. Specific subcategories were related to the review questions so to identify and clarify how the literature addressed: i) population; ii) concept, i.e., description, methodology or methods; iv) context, v) tracking and sizing instruments, v) research design, vi) types of population surveys.

Results

The search resulted in 1,191 publications, of which 57¹⁷17 Carvalho JR, Oliveira VH. Pesquisa de condições socioeconômicas e violência doméstica e familiar contra a mulher – Relatório Executivo III – Primeira Onda – 2016. Prevalência da Violência Doméstica e o Impacto nas Novas Gerações [Internet]. [local desconhecido]: Instituto Maria da Penha; 2016 [acesso em 2022 jan 11]. Disponível em: https://www.institutomariadapenha.org.br/assets/downloads/relatorio_I.pdf
https://www.institutomariadapenha.org.br... , ¹⁸18 Bueno S, Martins J, Pimentel A. Visível e invisível: a vitimização de mulheres no Brasil [Internet]. 3. ed. [local desconhecido]: Fórum Brasileiro de Segurança Pública; 2021 [acesso em 2022 mar 11]. Disponível em: https://forumseguranca.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/relatorio-visivel-e-invisivel-3ed-2021-v3.pdf
https://forumseguranca.org.br/wp-content... , ¹⁹19 Instituto Patrícia Galvão (BR). Violência doméstica contra a mulher na pandemia [Internet]. [local desconhecido]: Instituto Patrícia Galvão; 2020 [acesso em 2022 fev 18]. Disponível em: https://assets-institucional-ipg.sfo2.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/2020/11/LocomotivaIPG_ViolenciaDomesticanaPandemiaFinal.pdf
https://assets-institucional-ipg.sfo2.cd... , ²⁰20 Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (BR). Sistema de Indicadores de Percepção Social – Tolerância social à violência contra as mulheres [Internet]. [local desconhecido]: Ipea; 2014 [acesso em 2022 mar 7]. Disponível em: https://assets-compromissoeatitude-ipg.sfo2.digitaloceanspaces.com/2014/04/IPEA_sips_violenciamulheres04042014.pdf
https://assets-compromissoeatitude-ipg.s... , ²¹21 Instituto Patrícia Galvão (BR), Data Popular. Percepção da sociedade sobre violência e assassinatos de mulheres [Internet]. [local desconhecido]: Instituto Patrícia Galvão; 2013 [acesso em 2022 abr 13]. Disponível em: https://assets-compromissoeatitude-ipg.sfo2.digitaloceanspaces.com/2013/08/livro_pesqui-sa_violencia.pdf
https://assets-compromissoeatitude-ipg.s... , ²²22 Instituto Avon (BR), Data Popular. Percepções dos homens sobre a violência doméstica contra a mulher [Internet]. [local desconhecido]: Instituto Patrícia Galvão; 2013 [acesso em 2022 abr 20]. Disponível em: https://assets-compromissoeatitude-ipg.sfo2.digitaloceanspaces.com/2013/12/folderpesquisa_instituto22x44_5.pdf
https://assets-compromissoeatitude-ipg.s... , ²³23 Medina-Ariza J, Barberet R. Intimate partner violence in Spain. Findings from a national survey. VAW. 2003;9(3):302-322. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801202250073
https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801202250073... , ²⁴24 Memiah P, Bond T, Opanga Y, et al. Neonatal, infant, and child mortality among women exposed to intimate partner violence in East Africa: A multi-country analysis. BMC Womens Health. 2020;20(1):10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-019-0867-2
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-019-0867-... , ²⁵25 Bellizzi S, Nivoli A, Salaris P, et al. Sexual violence and eclampsia: Analysis of data from demographic and health surveys from seven low-and middle-income countries. J Glob Health. 2019;9(2):020434. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.09.020434
https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.09.020434... , ²⁶26 Kuhlmann AKS, Foggia J, Fu Q, et al. Intimate partner violence as a predictor of antenatal care service utilization in Honduras. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2017;41(e104). DOI: https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2017.104
https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2017.104... , ²⁷27 Carmona-Torres JM, Recio-Andrade B, Rodríguez-Borrego MA. Intimate partner violence among health professionals: Distribution by autonomous communities in Spain. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2017;51:e03256. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X2016049803256
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X201604... , ²⁸28 Ministério da Saúde (BR), Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Departamento de Vigilância de Doenças e Agravos Não Transmissíveis e Promoção da Saúde. Viva: Vigilância de Violências e Acidentes: 2013 e 2014 [Internet]. Brasília, DF; 2017 [acesso em 2022 fev 28]. Disponível em: https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/viva_vigilancia_violencia_aciden-tes_2013_2014.pdf
https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicaco... , ²⁹29 Conserve DF, Whembolua GLS, Surkan PJ. Attitudes toward intimate partner violence and associations with condom use among men in Haiti: An analysis of the nationally representative demographic health survey. J Interpers Violence. 2016;31(6):989-1006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514564065
https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514564065... , ³⁰30 Lima KD. Raça e violência obstétrica no Brasil [monografia]. Recife: Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz; 2016., ³¹31 Doku DT, Asante KO. Women’s approval of domestic physical violence against wives: Analysis of the Ghana demographic and health survey. BMC Womens Health. 2015;15:120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-015-0276-0
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-015-0276-... , ³²32 Zembe YZ, Townsend L, Thorson A, et al. Intimate partner violence, relationship power inequity and the role of sexual and social risk factors in the production of violence among young women who have multiple sexual partners in a peri-urban setting in South Africa. PLoS One. 2015;10(11):e0139430. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0139430
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.013... , ³³33 Rahman M, Nakamura K, Seino K, et al. Does gender inequity increase the risk of intimate partner violence among women? Evidence from a national Bangladeshi sample. PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e82423. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0082423
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.008... , ³⁴34 Boel-Studt S, Renner LM. Individual and familial risk and protective correlates of physical and psychological peer victimization. Child Abus Negl. 2013;37(12):1163-1174. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.07.010
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.07... , ³⁵35 Luz TCB, Malta DC, Sá NNB, et al. Violências e acidentes entre adultos mais velhos em comparação aos mais jovens: evidências do Sistema de Vigilância de Violências e Acidentes (VIVA), Brasil. Cad Saúde Pública. 2011;27(11):2135-2142. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2011001100007
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X201100... , ³⁶36 Lindner SR, Coelho EBS, Bolsoni CC, et al. Prevalência de violência física por parceiro íntimo em homens e mulheres de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil: Estudo de base populacional. Cad Saúde Pública. 2015;31(4):815-826. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00159913
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0015991... , ³⁷37 Garcia LP, Silva GDM. Violência por parceiro íntimo: Perfil dos atendimentos em serviços de urgência e emergência nas capitais dos estados brasileiros, 2014. Cad Saúde Pública. 2018;34(4):e00062317. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00062317
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0006231... , ³⁸38 Moraes CL, Oliveira AGES, Reichenheim ME, et al. Prevalência de violência física entre parceiros íntimos nos primeiros seis meses após o parto no município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Cad Saúde Pública. 2017;33(8):e00141116. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00141116
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0014111... , ³⁹39 Lima FSS, Merchán-Hamann E, Urdaneta M, et al. Fatores associados à violência contra mulheres profissionais do sexo de dez cidades brasileiras. Cad Saúde Pública. 2017;33(2):e00157815. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00157815
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0015781... , ⁴⁰40 Gil AP, Santos AJ, Kislaya I, et al. Estudo sobre pessoas idosas vítimas de violência em Portugal: Sociografia da ocorrência. Cad Saúde Pública. 2015;31(6):1234-1246. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00084614
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0008461... , ⁴¹41 Malta DC, Mascarenhas MDM, Neves ACM, et al. Atendimentos por acidentes e violências na infância em serviços de emergências públicas. Cad Saúde Pública. 2015;31(5):1095-1105. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00068814
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0006881... , ⁴²42 Andrade SSCA, Yokota RTC, Sá NNB, et al. Relação entre violência física, consumo de álcool e outras drogas e bullying entre adolescentes escolares brasileiros. Cad Saúde Pública. 2012;28(9):1725-1736. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2012000900011
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X201200... , ⁴³43 Silva AG, Moraes CL, Reichenheim ME. Violência física entre parceiros íntimos: Um obstáculo ao início do acompanhamento da criança em unidades básicas de saúde do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil? Cad Saúde Pública. 2012;28(7):1359-1370. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2012000700014
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X201200... , ⁴⁴44 Zanoti-Jeronymo DV, Zaleski M, Pinsky I, et al. Prevalência de abuso físico na infância e exposição à violência parental em uma amostra brasileira. Cad Saúde Pública. 2009;25(11):2467-2479. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2009001100016
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X200900... , ⁴⁵45 Anacleto AJ, Njaine K, Longo GZ, et al. Prevalência e fatores associados à violência entre parceiros íntimos: um estudo de base populacional em Lages, Santa Catarina, Brasil, 2007. Cad Saúde Pública. 2009;25(4):800-808. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2009000400011
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X200900... , ⁴⁶46 Moraes CL, Apratto PC, Reichenheim ME. Rompendo o silêncio e suas barreiras: Um inquérito domiciliar sobre a violência doméstica contra idosos na área de abrangência do Programa Médico de Família de Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Cad Saúde Pública. 2008;24(10):2289-2300. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2008001000010
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X200800... , ⁴⁷47 Ortiz-Hernández L, Torres MIG. Efectos de la violencia y la discriminación en la salud mental de bi-sexuales, lesbianas y homosexuales de la Ciudad de México. Cad Saúde Pública. 2005;21(3):913-925. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2005000300026
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X200500... , ⁴⁸48 Ferreira MF, Moraes CL, Reichenheim ME, et al. Effect of physical intimate partner violence on body mass index in low-income adult women. Cad Saúde Pública. 2015;31(1):161-172. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2005000300026
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X200500... , ⁴⁹49 Azevêdo ACC, Araújo TVB, Valongueiro S, et al. Intimate partner violence and unintended pregnancy: prevalence and associated factors. Cad Saúde Pública. 2013;29(12):2394-2404. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00161111
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0016111... , ⁵⁰50 Costa DCS, Ribeiro MRC, Batista RFL, et al. Factors associated with physical violence against pregnant women from São Luís, Maranhão state, Brazil: An approach using structural equation modeling. Cad Saúde Pública. 2017;33(1):e00078515. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00078515
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0007851... , ⁵¹51 Alves GC, Santos DN, Feitosa CA, et al. Violência comunitária e prevalência de asma em crianças na periferia de Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. Cad Saúde Pública. 2012;28(1):86-94. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00078515
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0007851... , ⁵²52 Ferdos J, Rahman MM. Exposure to intimate partner violence and malnutrition among young adult Bangladeshi women: Cross-sectional study of a nationally representative sample. Cad Saúde Pública. 2018;34(7):e00113916. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00113916
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0011391... , ⁵³53 Boing AC, Boing AF, Subramanian SV. Association of violence in schools’ vicinity and smoking in schools’ premises with tobacco use among Brazilian adolescents. Cad Saúde Pública. 2019;35(12):e00057919. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00057919
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0005791... , ⁵⁴54 Halpern SC, Scherer JN, Roglio V, et al. Vulnerabilidades clínicas e sociais em usuários de crack de acordo com a situação de moradia: um estudo multicêntrico em seis capitais brasileiras. Cad Saúde Pública. 2017;33(6):e00037517. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00037517
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0003751... , ⁵⁵55 Pilecco FB, Knauth DR, Vigo A. Aborto e coerção sexual: O contexto de vulnerabilidade entre mulheres jovens. Cad Saúde Pública. 2011;27(3):427-439. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2011000300004
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X201100... , ⁵⁶56 Augusto LP. Levantamento das denúncias de violência familiar nas Delegacias de Defesa da Mulher do município de São Paulo: um estudo sobre a interface com o uso de bebidas alcoólicas e outras drogas [dissertação]. São Paulo: Universidade Federal de São Paulo; 2010., ⁵⁷57 Associação Portuguesa de Apoio à Vítima. Estatísticas APAV – Relatório Anual 2021 [Internet]. Lisboa, Portugal; 2022 [acesso em 2022 abr 12]. Disponível em: https://apav.pt/apav_v3/images/press/Relatorio_Anual_2021.pdf
https://apav.pt/apav_v3/images/press/Rel... , ⁵⁸58 Griboski RA. Mulheres trabalhadoras rurais e violências por parceiros íntimos [tese na Internet]. Brasília, DF: Universidade de Brasília; 2015 [acesso em 2024 jan 23]. Disponível em: http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/18934
http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/1... , ⁵⁹59 Bhona FMC. Violência doméstica e consumo de álcool entre mulheres: um estudo transversal por amostragem na cidade de Juiz de Fora – MG [dissertação]. Juiz de Fora: Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora; 2011., ⁶⁰60 Molinos BG. Violência no trabalho com profissionais do Programa de Saúde da Família no Estado de Amazonas [dissertação na Internet]. Florianópolis: Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; 2011 [acesso em 2024 jan 23]. Disponível em: https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/95632
https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle... , ⁶¹61 Khalifeh H, Howard LM, Osborn D, et al. Violence against people with disability in england and wales: findings from a National Cross-Sectional Survey. PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e55952. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0055952
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.005... , ⁶²62 Daoud N, Urquia ML, O’Campo P, et al. Prevalence of abuse and violence before, during, and after pregnancy in a national sample of Canadian women. Am J Public Health. 2012;102(10):1893-1901. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300843
https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300843... , ⁶³63 Deribe K, Beyene BK, Tolla A, et al. Magnitude and correlates of intimate partner violence against women and its outcome in Southwest Ethiopia. PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e36189. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0036189
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.003... , ⁶⁴64 Navaratne KV, Fonseka P, Rajapakshe L, et al. Population-based estimates of injuries in Sri Lanka. Inj Prev. 2009;15(3):170-175. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/ip.2008.019943
https://doi.org/10.1136/ip.2008.019943... , ⁶⁵65 Leemis RW, Friar N, Khatiwada S, et al. The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey: 2016/2017 Report on Intimate Partner Violence [Internet]. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2022 [acesso em 2022 fev 23]. Disponível em: https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/124646
https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/124646... , ⁶⁶66 Smith SG, Chen J, Basile KC, et al. The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS): 2010-2012 State Report [Internet]. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2017 [acesso em 2022 mar 12]. Disponível em: https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/46305
https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/46305... , ⁶⁷67 Felitti VJ, Anda RF, Nordenberg D, et al. Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. Am J Prev Med. 1998;56(6):245-258. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0749-3797(98)00017-8
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0749-3797(98)00... , ⁶⁸68 Instituto Nacional de Saúde (MZ), Ministry of Health, Ministry of Gender Child and Social Action, Instituto Nacional de Estatística; U.S. Centers for Control Disease. Mozambique Violence against children and youth survey (VACS 2019) [Internet]. Maputo, Mozambique; 2022 [acesso em 2022 mar 18]. Disponível em: https://files.mutualcdn.com/tfg/assets/files/Mozambique-VACS-report.pdf
https://files.mutualcdn.com/tfg/assets/f... , ⁶⁹69 Tjaden P, Thoennes N. Stalking in America: Findings from the National Violence Against Women Survey. Natl Inst Justice Centers Dis Control Prev [Inernet]. 1998 [acesso em 2022 fev 4]. Disponível em: https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/21857
https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/21857... , ⁷⁰70 Tjaden P, Thoennes N. Prevalence, incidence, and consequences of violence against women: Findings from the national violence against women survey. VAW [Internet]. 1998 [acesso em 2022 fev 4];6(2):2-16. Disponível em: https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles/172837.pdf
https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles/172837.pdf... , ⁷¹71 Taylor BG, Mumford EA, Liu W. The National Survey of Teen Relationships and Intimate Violence [Internet]. Washington, DC: Department of Justice; 2016 [acesso em 2022 mar 2]. Disponível em: https://nij.ojp.gov/library/publications/national-survey-teen-relationships-and-intimate-violence-striv
https://nij.ojp.gov/library/publications... , ⁷²72 Grotpeter J, Menard S, Gianola D, et al. Sexual Violence: Longitudinal, Multigenerational Evidence from the National Youth Survey [Internet]. Washington, DC: Department of Justice; 2008 [acesso em 2022 jan 29]. Disponível em: https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/223284.pdf
https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants... , ⁷³73 Lisboa M, Barroso Z, Patrício J, et al. Violência e Género – Inquérito Nacional sobre a Violência exercida contra Mulheres e Homens [Internet]. Lisboa, Portugal; 2009 [acesso em 2022 abr 9]. Disponível em: https://run.unl.pt/bitstream/10362/56714/1/Viol_ncia_e_G_nero.pdf
https://run.unl.pt/bitstream/10362/56714... were accepted for the scoping review, as shown in the figure 1.

Table 2 informs that the accepted studies were mostly published from 2011 to 2020 and that only three publications discussed the theme before the year 2000. It should be noted that, in 2021 and 2022 alone, four studies have already been published on the matter. Brazil led in the number of publications in that sample, making South America the continent with the highest number of publications on the theme (n = 30), followed by the United States (n = 8), Portugal (n = 3), Bangladesh (n = 2), and Spain (n = 2). Africa (n = 6) and Asia (n = 4) were also representative in the sample. Regarding the sample of this review, most of the selected material was published in scientific papers.

Most studies wanted to know the opinion of more than one interviewee. The most common opinion came from women, even when gender violence was not directly addressed. Elderly people and adolescents were also quite assessed in the surveys. The low number of studies questioning the opinion or experience of children and vulnerable populations is noteworthy. Regarding the retrieval method, 49 studies adopted interviews¹⁷17 Carvalho JR, Oliveira VH. Pesquisa de condições socioeconômicas e violência doméstica e familiar contra a mulher – Relatório Executivo III – Primeira Onda – 2016. Prevalência da Violência Doméstica e o Impacto nas Novas Gerações [Internet]. [local desconhecido]: Instituto Maria da Penha; 2016 [acesso em 2022 jan 11]. Disponível em: https://www.institutomariadapenha.org.br/assets/downloads/relatorio_I.pdf
https://www.institutomariadapenha.org.br... , ¹⁸18 Bueno S, Martins J, Pimentel A. Visível e invisível: a vitimização de mulheres no Brasil [Internet]. 3. ed. [local desconhecido]: Fórum Brasileiro de Segurança Pública; 2021 [acesso em 2022 mar 11]. Disponível em: https://forumseguranca.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/relatorio-visivel-e-invisivel-3ed-2021-v3.pdf
https://forumseguranca.org.br/wp-content... , ²²22 Instituto Avon (BR), Data Popular. Percepções dos homens sobre a violência doméstica contra a mulher [Internet]. [local desconhecido]: Instituto Patrícia Galvão; 2013 [acesso em 2022 abr 20]. Disponível em: https://assets-compromissoeatitude-ipg.sfo2.digitaloceanspaces.com/2013/12/folderpesquisa_instituto22x44_5.pdf
https://assets-compromissoeatitude-ipg.s... , ²³23 Medina-Ariza J, Barberet R. Intimate partner violence in Spain. Findings from a national survey. VAW. 2003;9(3):302-322. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801202250073
https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801202250073... , ²⁴24 Memiah P, Bond T, Opanga Y, et al. Neonatal, infant, and child mortality among women exposed to intimate partner violence in East Africa: A multi-country analysis. BMC Womens Health. 2020;20(1):10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-019-0867-2
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-019-0867-... , ²⁵25 Bellizzi S, Nivoli A, Salaris P, et al. Sexual violence and eclampsia: Analysis of data from demographic and health surveys from seven low-and middle-income countries. J Glob Health. 2019;9(2):020434. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.09.020434
https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.09.020434... , ^28,29, ³⁰30 Lima KD. Raça e violência obstétrica no Brasil [monografia]. Recife: Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz; 2016., ³¹31 Doku DT, Asante KO. Women’s approval of domestic physical violence against wives: Analysis of the Ghana demographic and health survey. BMC Womens Health. 2015;15:120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-015-0276-0
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-015-0276-... , ³³33 Rahman M, Nakamura K, Seino K, et al. Does gender inequity increase the risk of intimate partner violence among women? Evidence from a national Bangladeshi sample. PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e82423. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0082423
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.008... , ³⁴34 Boel-Studt S, Renner LM. Individual and familial risk and protective correlates of physical and psychological peer victimization. Child Abus Negl. 2013;37(12):1163-1174. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.07.010
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.07... , ³⁵35 Luz TCB, Malta DC, Sá NNB, et al. Violências e acidentes entre adultos mais velhos em comparação aos mais jovens: evidências do Sistema de Vigilância de Violências e Acidentes (VIVA), Brasil. Cad Saúde Pública. 2011;27(11):2135-2142. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2011001100007
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X201100... , ³⁶36 Lindner SR, Coelho EBS, Bolsoni CC, et al. Prevalência de violência física por parceiro íntimo em homens e mulheres de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil: Estudo de base populacional. Cad Saúde Pública. 2015;31(4):815-826. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00159913
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0015991... , ³⁷37 Garcia LP, Silva GDM. Violência por parceiro íntimo: Perfil dos atendimentos em serviços de urgência e emergência nas capitais dos estados brasileiros, 2014. Cad Saúde Pública. 2018;34(4):e00062317. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00062317
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0006231... , ³⁸38 Moraes CL, Oliveira AGES, Reichenheim ME, et al. Prevalência de violência física entre parceiros íntimos nos primeiros seis meses após o parto no município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Cad Saúde Pública. 2017;33(8):e00141116. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00141116
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0014111... , ³⁹39 Lima FSS, Merchán-Hamann E, Urdaneta M, et al. Fatores associados à violência contra mulheres profissionais do sexo de dez cidades brasileiras. Cad Saúde Pública. 2017;33(2):e00157815. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00157815
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0015781... , ⁴⁰40 Gil AP, Santos AJ, Kislaya I, et al. Estudo sobre pessoas idosas vítimas de violência em Portugal: Sociografia da ocorrência. Cad Saúde Pública. 2015;31(6):1234-1246. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00084614
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0008461... , ⁴¹41 Malta DC, Mascarenhas MDM, Neves ACM, et al. Atendimentos por acidentes e violências na infância em serviços de emergências públicas. Cad Saúde Pública. 2015;31(5):1095-1105. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00068814
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0006881... , ⁴²42 Andrade SSCA, Yokota RTC, Sá NNB, et al. Relação entre violência física, consumo de álcool e outras drogas e bullying entre adolescentes escolares brasileiros. Cad Saúde Pública. 2012;28(9):1725-1736. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2012000900011
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X201200... , ⁴³43 Silva AG, Moraes CL, Reichenheim ME. Violência física entre parceiros íntimos: Um obstáculo ao início do acompanhamento da criança em unidades básicas de saúde do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil? Cad Saúde Pública. 2012;28(7):1359-1370. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2012000700014
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X201200... , ⁴⁴44 Zanoti-Jeronymo DV, Zaleski M, Pinsky I, et al. Prevalência de abuso físico na infância e exposição à violência parental em uma amostra brasileira. Cad Saúde Pública. 2009;25(11):2467-2479. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2009001100016
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X200900... , ⁴⁵45 Anacleto AJ, Njaine K, Longo GZ, et al. Prevalência e fatores associados à violência entre parceiros íntimos: um estudo de base populacional em Lages, Santa Catarina, Brasil, 2007. Cad Saúde Pública. 2009;25(4):800-808. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2009000400011
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X200900... , ⁴⁶46 Moraes CL, Apratto PC, Reichenheim ME. Rompendo o silêncio e suas barreiras: Um inquérito domiciliar sobre a violência doméstica contra idosos na área de abrangência do Programa Médico de Família de Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Cad Saúde Pública. 2008;24(10):2289-2300. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2008001000010
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X200800... , ⁴⁷47 Ortiz-Hernández L, Torres MIG. Efectos de la violencia y la discriminación en la salud mental de bi-sexuales, lesbianas y homosexuales de la Ciudad de México. Cad Saúde Pública. 2005;21(3):913-925. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2005000300026
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X200500... , ⁴⁸48 Ferreira MF, Moraes CL, Reichenheim ME, et al. Effect of physical intimate partner violence on body mass index in low-income adult women. Cad Saúde Pública. 2015;31(1):161-172. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2005000300026
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X200500... , ⁴⁹49 Azevêdo ACC, Araújo TVB, Valongueiro S, et al. Intimate partner violence and unintended pregnancy: prevalence and associated factors. Cad Saúde Pública. 2013;29(12):2394-2404. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00161111
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0016111... , ⁵⁰50 Costa DCS, Ribeiro MRC, Batista RFL, et al. Factors associated with physical violence against pregnant women from São Luís, Maranhão state, Brazil: An approach using structural equation modeling. Cad Saúde Pública. 2017;33(1):e00078515. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00078515
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0007851... , ⁵¹51 Alves GC, Santos DN, Feitosa CA, et al. Violência comunitária e prevalência de asma em crianças na periferia de Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. Cad Saúde Pública. 2012;28(1):86-94. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00078515
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0007851... , ⁵²52 Ferdos J, Rahman MM. Exposure to intimate partner violence and malnutrition among young adult Bangladeshi women: Cross-sectional study of a nationally representative sample. Cad Saúde Pública. 2018;34(7):e00113916. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00113916
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0011391... , ⁵³53 Boing AC, Boing AF, Subramanian SV. Association of violence in schools’ vicinity and smoking in schools’ premises with tobacco use among Brazilian adolescents. Cad Saúde Pública. 2019;35(12):e00057919. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00057919
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0005791... , ⁵⁴54 Halpern SC, Scherer JN, Roglio V, et al. Vulnerabilidades clínicas e sociais em usuários de crack de acordo com a situação de moradia: um estudo multicêntrico em seis capitais brasileiras. Cad Saúde Pública. 2017;33(6):e00037517. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00037517
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0003751... , ⁵⁵55 Pilecco FB, Knauth DR, Vigo A. Aborto e coerção sexual: O contexto de vulnerabilidade entre mulheres jovens. Cad Saúde Pública. 2011;27(3):427-439. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2011000300004
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X201100... , ⁵⁶56 Augusto LP. Levantamento das denúncias de violência familiar nas Delegacias de Defesa da Mulher do município de São Paulo: um estudo sobre a interface com o uso de bebidas alcoólicas e outras drogas [dissertação]. São Paulo: Universidade Federal de São Paulo; 2010., ⁵⁷57 Associação Portuguesa de Apoio à Vítima. Estatísticas APAV – Relatório Anual 2021 [Internet]. Lisboa, Portugal; 2022 [acesso em 2022 abr 12]. Disponível em: https://apav.pt/apav_v3/images/press/Relatorio_Anual_2021.pdf
https://apav.pt/apav_v3/images/press/Rel... , ⁵⁸58 Griboski RA. Mulheres trabalhadoras rurais e violências por parceiros íntimos [tese na Internet]. Brasília, DF: Universidade de Brasília; 2015 [acesso em 2024 jan 23]. Disponível em: http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/18934
http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/1... , ⁵⁹59 Bhona FMC. Violência doméstica e consumo de álcool entre mulheres: um estudo transversal por amostragem na cidade de Juiz de Fora – MG [dissertação]. Juiz de Fora: Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora; 2011., ⁶⁰60 Molinos BG. Violência no trabalho com profissionais do Programa de Saúde da Família no Estado de Amazonas [dissertação na Internet]. Florianópolis: Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; 2011 [acesso em 2024 jan 23]. Disponível em: https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/95632
https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle... , ⁶¹61 Khalifeh H, Howard LM, Osborn D, et al. Violence against people with disability in england and wales: findings from a National Cross-Sectional Survey. PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e55952. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0055952
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https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.013... . Online questionnaires were the mean in three studies¹⁹19 Instituto Patrícia Galvão (BR). Violência doméstica contra a mulher na pandemia [Internet]. [local desconhecido]: Instituto Patrícia Galvão; 2020 [acesso em 2022 fev 18]. Disponível em: https://assets-institucional-ipg.sfo2.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/2020/11/LocomotivaIPG_ViolenciaDomesticanaPandemiaFinal.pdf
https://assets-institucional-ipg.sfo2.cd... , ²⁷27 Carmona-Torres JM, Recio-Andrade B, Rodríguez-Borrego MA. Intimate partner violence among health professionals: Distribution by autonomous communities in Spain. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2017;51:e03256. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X2016049803256
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X201604... , ⁶⁸68 Instituto Nacional de Saúde (MZ), Ministry of Health, Ministry of Gender Child and Social Action, Instituto Nacional de Estatística; U.S. Centers for Control Disease. Mozambique Violence against children and youth survey (VACS 2019) [Internet]. Maputo, Mozambique; 2022 [acesso em 2022 mar 18]. Disponível em: https://files.mutualcdn.com/tfg/assets/files/Mozambique-VACS-report.pdf
https://files.mutualcdn.com/tfg/assets/f... , while online interviews were the retrieval method of just one study⁷¹71 Taylor BG, Mumford EA, Liu W. The National Survey of Teen Relationships and Intimate Violence [Internet]. Washington, DC: Department of Justice; 2016 [acesso em 2022 mar 2]. Disponível em: https://nij.ojp.gov/library/publications/national-survey-teen-relationships-and-intimate-violence-striv
https://nij.ojp.gov/library/publications... . The purposes of the studies accepted in the sample of this review are summarized in table 3.

Only two studies¹⁷17 Carvalho JR, Oliveira VH. Pesquisa de condições socioeconômicas e violência doméstica e familiar contra a mulher – Relatório Executivo III – Primeira Onda – 2016. Prevalência da Violência Doméstica e o Impacto nas Novas Gerações [Internet]. [local desconhecido]: Instituto Maria da Penha; 2016 [acesso em 2022 jan 11]. Disponível em: https://www.institutomariadapenha.org.br/assets/downloads/relatorio_I.pdf
https://www.institutomariadapenha.org.br... , ⁶⁴64 Navaratne KV, Fonseka P, Rajapakshe L, et al. Population-based estimates of injuries in Sri Lanka. Inj Prev. 2009;15(3):170-175. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/ip.2008.019943
https://doi.org/10.1136/ip.2008.019943... did not deal with sociodemographic data on the population surveyed. Maternity or paternity status was the least investigated among the information retrieved by the data extraction instrument. The most investigated variable was the age of the person interviewed. Curiosity about the interviewee’s race/color was shown in less than half of the studies. Table 4 depicts the sociodemographic variables assessed in the sample studies.

Of the 57 studies, 26 investigated domestic violence¹⁷17 Carvalho JR, Oliveira VH. Pesquisa de condições socioeconômicas e violência doméstica e familiar contra a mulher – Relatório Executivo III – Primeira Onda – 2016. Prevalência da Violência Doméstica e o Impacto nas Novas Gerações [Internet]. [local desconhecido]: Instituto Maria da Penha; 2016 [acesso em 2022 jan 11]. Disponível em: https://www.institutomariadapenha.org.br/assets/downloads/relatorio_I.pdf
https://www.institutomariadapenha.org.br... , ¹⁸18 Bueno S, Martins J, Pimentel A. Visível e invisível: a vitimização de mulheres no Brasil [Internet]. 3. ed. [local desconhecido]: Fórum Brasileiro de Segurança Pública; 2021 [acesso em 2022 mar 11]. Disponível em: https://forumseguranca.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/relatorio-visivel-e-invisivel-3ed-2021-v3.pdf
https://forumseguranca.org.br/wp-content... , ¹⁹19 Instituto Patrícia Galvão (BR). Violência doméstica contra a mulher na pandemia [Internet]. [local desconhecido]: Instituto Patrícia Galvão; 2020 [acesso em 2022 fev 18]. Disponível em: https://assets-institucional-ipg.sfo2.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/2020/11/LocomotivaIPG_ViolenciaDomesticanaPandemiaFinal.pdf
https://assets-institucional-ipg.sfo2.cd... , ²⁰20 Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (BR). Sistema de Indicadores de Percepção Social – Tolerância social à violência contra as mulheres [Internet]. [local desconhecido]: Ipea; 2014 [acesso em 2022 mar 7]. Disponível em: https://assets-compromissoeatitude-ipg.sfo2.digitaloceanspaces.com/2014/04/IPEA_sips_violenciamulheres04042014.pdf
https://assets-compromissoeatitude-ipg.s... , ²¹21 Instituto Patrícia Galvão (BR), Data Popular. Percepção da sociedade sobre violência e assassinatos de mulheres [Internet]. [local desconhecido]: Instituto Patrícia Galvão; 2013 [acesso em 2022 abr 13]. Disponível em: https://assets-compromissoeatitude-ipg.sfo2.digitaloceanspaces.com/2013/08/livro_pesqui-sa_violencia.pdf
https://assets-compromissoeatitude-ipg.s... , ²⁴24 Memiah P, Bond T, Opanga Y, et al. Neonatal, infant, and child mortality among women exposed to intimate partner violence in East Africa: A multi-country analysis. BMC Womens Health. 2020;20(1):10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-019-0867-2
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-019-0867-... , ²⁵25 Bellizzi S, Nivoli A, Salaris P, et al. Sexual violence and eclampsia: Analysis of data from demographic and health surveys from seven low-and middle-income countries. J Glob Health. 2019;9(2):020434. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.09.020434
https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.09.020434... , ²⁶26 Kuhlmann AKS, Foggia J, Fu Q, et al. Intimate partner violence as a predictor of antenatal care service utilization in Honduras. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2017;41(e104). DOI: https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2017.104
https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2017.104... , ²⁸28 Ministério da Saúde (BR), Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Departamento de Vigilância de Doenças e Agravos Não Transmissíveis e Promoção da Saúde. Viva: Vigilância de Violências e Acidentes: 2013 e 2014 [Internet]. Brasília, DF; 2017 [acesso em 2022 fev 28]. Disponível em: https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/viva_vigilancia_violencia_aciden-tes_2013_2014.pdf
https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicaco... , ³¹31 Doku DT, Asante KO. Women’s approval of domestic physical violence against wives: Analysis of the Ghana demographic and health survey. BMC Womens Health. 2015;15:120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-015-0276-0
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-015-0276-... , ³³33 Rahman M, Nakamura K, Seino K, et al. Does gender inequity increase the risk of intimate partner violence among women? Evidence from a national Bangladeshi sample. PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e82423. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0082423
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.008... , ³⁵35 Luz TCB, Malta DC, Sá NNB, et al. Violências e acidentes entre adultos mais velhos em comparação aos mais jovens: evidências do Sistema de Vigilância de Violências e Acidentes (VIVA), Brasil. Cad Saúde Pública. 2011;27(11):2135-2142. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2011001100007
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X201100... , ³⁶36 Lindner SR, Coelho EBS, Bolsoni CC, et al. Prevalência de violência física por parceiro íntimo em homens e mulheres de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil: Estudo de base populacional. Cad Saúde Pública. 2015;31(4):815-826. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00159913
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0015991... , ⁴⁰40 Gil AP, Santos AJ, Kislaya I, et al. Estudo sobre pessoas idosas vítimas de violência em Portugal: Sociografia da ocorrência. Cad Saúde Pública. 2015;31(6):1234-1246. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00084614
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0008461... , ⁴¹41 Malta DC, Mascarenhas MDM, Neves ACM, et al. Atendimentos por acidentes e violências na infância em serviços de emergências públicas. Cad Saúde Pública. 2015;31(5):1095-1105. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00068814
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0006881... , ⁴³43 Silva AG, Moraes CL, Reichenheim ME. Violência física entre parceiros íntimos: Um obstáculo ao início do acompanhamento da criança em unidades básicas de saúde do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil? Cad Saúde Pública. 2012;28(7):1359-1370. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2012000700014
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X201200... , ⁴⁴44 Zanoti-Jeronymo DV, Zaleski M, Pinsky I, et al. Prevalência de abuso físico na infância e exposição à violência parental em uma amostra brasileira. Cad Saúde Pública. 2009;25(11):2467-2479. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2009001100016
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X200900... , ⁵⁰50 Costa DCS, Ribeiro MRC, Batista RFL, et al. Factors associated with physical violence against pregnant women from São Luís, Maranhão state, Brazil: An approach using structural equation modeling. Cad Saúde Pública. 2017;33(1):e00078515. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00078515
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0007851... , ⁵²52 Ferdos J, Rahman MM. Exposure to intimate partner violence and malnutrition among young adult Bangladeshi women: Cross-sectional study of a nationally representative sample. Cad Saúde Pública. 2018;34(7):e00113916. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00113916
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0011391... , ⁵⁴54 Halpern SC, Scherer JN, Roglio V, et al. Vulnerabilidades clínicas e sociais em usuários de crack de acordo com a situação de moradia: um estudo multicêntrico em seis capitais brasileiras. Cad Saúde Pública. 2017;33(6):e00037517. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00037517
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0003751... , ⁵⁵55 Pilecco FB, Knauth DR, Vigo A. Aborto e coerção sexual: O contexto de vulnerabilidade entre mulheres jovens. Cad Saúde Pública. 2011;27(3):427-439. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2011000300004
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X201100... , ⁵⁶56 Augusto LP. Levantamento das denúncias de violência familiar nas Delegacias de Defesa da Mulher do município de São Paulo: um estudo sobre a interface com o uso de bebidas alcoólicas e outras drogas [dissertação]. São Paulo: Universidade Federal de São Paulo; 2010., ⁵⁷57 Associação Portuguesa de Apoio à Vítima. Estatísticas APAV – Relatório Anual 2021 [Internet]. Lisboa, Portugal; 2022 [acesso em 2022 abr 12]. Disponível em: https://apav.pt/apav_v3/images/press/Relatorio_Anual_2021.pdf
https://apav.pt/apav_v3/images/press/Rel... , ⁵⁸58 Griboski RA. Mulheres trabalhadoras rurais e violências por parceiros íntimos [tese na Internet]. Brasília, DF: Universidade de Brasília; 2015 [acesso em 2024 jan 23]. Disponível em: http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/18934
http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/1... ,⁶³63 Deribe K, Beyene BK, Tolla A, et al. Magnitude and correlates of intimate partner violence against women and its outcome in Southwest Ethiopia. PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e36189. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0036189
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.003... ,⁷¹71 Taylor BG, Mumford EA, Liu W. The National Survey of Teen Relationships and Intimate Violence [Internet]. Washington, DC: Department of Justice; 2016 [acesso em 2022 mar 2]. Disponível em: https://nij.ojp.gov/library/publications/national-survey-teen-relationships-and-intimate-violence-striv
https://nij.ojp.gov/library/publications... . Most of these, 18 studies¹⁷17 Carvalho JR, Oliveira VH. Pesquisa de condições socioeconômicas e violência doméstica e familiar contra a mulher – Relatório Executivo III – Primeira Onda – 2016. Prevalência da Violência Doméstica e o Impacto nas Novas Gerações [Internet]. [local desconhecido]: Instituto Maria da Penha; 2016 [acesso em 2022 jan 11]. Disponível em: https://www.institutomariadapenha.org.br/assets/downloads/relatorio_I.pdf
https://www.institutomariadapenha.org.br... , ²⁰20 Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (BR). Sistema de Indicadores de Percepção Social – Tolerância social à violência contra as mulheres [Internet]. [local desconhecido]: Ipea; 2014 [acesso em 2022 mar 7]. Disponível em: https://assets-compromissoeatitude-ipg.sfo2.digitaloceanspaces.com/2014/04/IPEA_sips_violenciamulheres04042014.pdf
https://assets-compromissoeatitude-ipg.s... , ²⁴24 Memiah P, Bond T, Opanga Y, et al. Neonatal, infant, and child mortality among women exposed to intimate partner violence in East Africa: A multi-country analysis. BMC Womens Health. 2020;20(1):10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-019-0867-2
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-019-0867-... , ²⁶26 Kuhlmann AKS, Foggia J, Fu Q, et al. Intimate partner violence as a predictor of antenatal care service utilization in Honduras. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2017;41(e104). DOI: https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2017.104
https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2017.104... , ²⁸28 Ministério da Saúde (BR), Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Departamento de Vigilância de Doenças e Agravos Não Transmissíveis e Promoção da Saúde. Viva: Vigilância de Violências e Acidentes: 2013 e 2014 [Internet]. Brasília, DF; 2017 [acesso em 2022 fev 28]. Disponível em: https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/viva_vigilancia_violencia_aciden-tes_2013_2014.pdf
https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicaco... , ³³33 Rahman M, Nakamura K, Seino K, et al. Does gender inequity increase the risk of intimate partner violence among women? Evidence from a national Bangladeshi sample. PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e82423. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0082423
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.008... , ³⁵35 Luz TCB, Malta DC, Sá NNB, et al. Violências e acidentes entre adultos mais velhos em comparação aos mais jovens: evidências do Sistema de Vigilância de Violências e Acidentes (VIVA), Brasil. Cad Saúde Pública. 2011;27(11):2135-2142. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2011001100007
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X201100... , ³⁶36 Lindner SR, Coelho EBS, Bolsoni CC, et al. Prevalência de violência física por parceiro íntimo em homens e mulheres de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil: Estudo de base populacional. Cad Saúde Pública. 2015;31(4):815-826. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00159913
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0015991... , ⁴⁰40 Gil AP, Santos AJ, Kislaya I, et al. Estudo sobre pessoas idosas vítimas de violência em Portugal: Sociografia da ocorrência. Cad Saúde Pública. 2015;31(6):1234-1246. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00084614
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0008461... , ⁴¹41 Malta DC, Mascarenhas MDM, Neves ACM, et al. Atendimentos por acidentes e violências na infância em serviços de emergências públicas. Cad Saúde Pública. 2015;31(5):1095-1105. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00068814
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0006881... , ⁴³43 Silva AG, Moraes CL, Reichenheim ME. Violência física entre parceiros íntimos: Um obstáculo ao início do acompanhamento da criança em unidades básicas de saúde do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil? Cad Saúde Pública. 2012;28(7):1359-1370. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2012000700014
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X201200... , ⁴⁴44 Zanoti-Jeronymo DV, Zaleski M, Pinsky I, et al. Prevalência de abuso físico na infância e exposição à violência parental em uma amostra brasileira. Cad Saúde Pública. 2009;25(11):2467-2479. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2009001100016
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X200900... , ⁵⁰50 Costa DCS, Ribeiro MRC, Batista RFL, et al. Factors associated with physical violence against pregnant women from São Luís, Maranhão state, Brazil: An approach using structural equation modeling. Cad Saúde Pública. 2017;33(1):e00078515. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00078515
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0007851... , ⁵²52 Ferdos J, Rahman MM. Exposure to intimate partner violence and malnutrition among young adult Bangladeshi women: Cross-sectional study of a nationally representative sample. Cad Saúde Pública. 2018;34(7):e00113916. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00113916
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0011391... , ⁵⁶56 Augusto LP. Levantamento das denúncias de violência familiar nas Delegacias de Defesa da Mulher do município de São Paulo: um estudo sobre a interface com o uso de bebidas alcoólicas e outras drogas [dissertação]. São Paulo: Universidade Federal de São Paulo; 2010., ⁵⁷57 Associação Portuguesa de Apoio à Vítima. Estatísticas APAV – Relatório Anual 2021 [Internet]. Lisboa, Portugal; 2022 [acesso em 2022 abr 12]. Disponível em: https://apav.pt/apav_v3/images/press/Relatorio_Anual_2021.pdf
https://apav.pt/apav_v3/images/press/Rel... , ⁵⁸58 Griboski RA. Mulheres trabalhadoras rurais e violências por parceiros íntimos [tese na Internet]. Brasília, DF: Universidade de Brasília; 2015 [acesso em 2024 jan 23]. Disponível em: http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/18934
http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/1... , ⁶³63 Deribe K, Beyene BK, Tolla A, et al. Magnitude and correlates of intimate partner violence against women and its outcome in Southwest Ethiopia. PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e36189. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0036189
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.003... researched the forms of violence; three studies investigated the place where violence occurred¹⁸18 Bueno S, Martins J, Pimentel A. Visível e invisível: a vitimização de mulheres no Brasil [Internet]. 3. ed. [local desconhecido]: Fórum Brasileiro de Segurança Pública; 2021 [acesso em 2022 mar 11]. Disponível em: https://forumseguranca.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/relatorio-visivel-e-invisivel-3ed-2021-v3.pdf
https://forumseguranca.org.br/wp-content... , ²⁰20 Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (BR). Sistema de Indicadores de Percepção Social – Tolerância social à violência contra as mulheres [Internet]. [local desconhecido]: Ipea; 2014 [acesso em 2022 mar 7]. Disponível em: https://assets-compromissoeatitude-ipg.sfo2.digitaloceanspaces.com/2014/04/IPEA_sips_violenciamulheres04042014.pdf
https://assets-compromissoeatitude-ipg.s... , ⁴¹41 Malta DC, Mascarenhas MDM, Neves ACM, et al. Atendimentos por acidentes e violências na infância em serviços de emergências públicas. Cad Saúde Pública. 2015;31(5):1095-1105. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00068814
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0006881... ; and three others explored the relationship between the victim and the aggressor⁵⁴54 Halpern SC, Scherer JN, Roglio V, et al. Vulnerabilidades clínicas e sociais em usuários de crack de acordo com a situação de moradia: um estudo multicêntrico em seis capitais brasileiras. Cad Saúde Pública. 2017;33(6):e00037517. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00037517
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0003751... , ⁵⁵55 Pilecco FB, Knauth DR, Vigo A. Aborto e coerção sexual: O contexto de vulnerabilidade entre mulheres jovens. Cad Saúde Pública. 2011;27(3):427-439. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2011000300004
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X201100... , ⁵⁶56 Augusto LP. Levantamento das denúncias de violência familiar nas Delegacias de Defesa da Mulher do município de São Paulo: um estudo sobre a interface com o uso de bebidas alcoólicas e outras drogas [dissertação]. São Paulo: Universidade Federal de São Paulo; 2010.. Only two investigated violence against pregnant women²⁵25 Bellizzi S, Nivoli A, Salaris P, et al. Sexual violence and eclampsia: Analysis of data from demographic and health surveys from seven low-and middle-income countries. J Glob Health. 2019;9(2):020434. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.09.020434
https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.09.020434... , ⁵⁰50 Costa DCS, Ribeiro MRC, Batista RFL, et al. Factors associated with physical violence against pregnant women from São Luís, Maranhão state, Brazil: An approach using structural equation modeling. Cad Saúde Pública. 2017;33(1):e00078515. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00078515
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0007851... ; one explored the experience of violence¹⁹19 Instituto Patrícia Galvão (BR). Violência doméstica contra a mulher na pandemia [Internet]. [local desconhecido]: Instituto Patrícia Galvão; 2020 [acesso em 2022 fev 18]. Disponível em: https://assets-institucional-ipg.sfo2.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/2020/11/LocomotivaIPG_ViolenciaDomesticanaPandemiaFinal.pdf
https://assets-institucional-ipg.sfo2.cd... ; one investigated the reasons for domestic violence³¹31 Doku DT, Asante KO. Women’s approval of domestic physical violence against wives: Analysis of the Ghana demographic and health survey. BMC Womens Health. 2015;15:120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-015-0276-0
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-015-0276-... ; and another wanted to know the parents’ attitude about domestic violence⁷¹71 Taylor BG, Mumford EA, Liu W. The National Survey of Teen Relationships and Intimate Violence [Internet]. Washington, DC: Department of Justice; 2016 [acesso em 2022 mar 2]. Disponível em: https://nij.ojp.gov/library/publications/national-survey-teen-relationships-and-intimate-violence-striv
https://nij.ojp.gov/library/publications... .

Research on situations of intrafamily violence appeared in ten studies¹⁷17 Carvalho JR, Oliveira VH. Pesquisa de condições socioeconômicas e violência doméstica e familiar contra a mulher – Relatório Executivo III – Primeira Onda – 2016. Prevalência da Violência Doméstica e o Impacto nas Novas Gerações [Internet]. [local desconhecido]: Instituto Maria da Penha; 2016 [acesso em 2022 jan 11]. Disponível em: https://www.institutomariadapenha.org.br/assets/downloads/relatorio_I.pdf
https://www.institutomariadapenha.org.br... , ²⁰20 Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (BR). Sistema de Indicadores de Percepção Social – Tolerância social à violência contra as mulheres [Internet]. [local desconhecido]: Ipea; 2014 [acesso em 2022 mar 7]. Disponível em: https://assets-compromissoeatitude-ipg.sfo2.digitaloceanspaces.com/2014/04/IPEA_sips_violenciamulheres04042014.pdf
https://assets-compromissoeatitude-ipg.s... , ³⁴34 Boel-Studt S, Renner LM. Individual and familial risk and protective correlates of physical and psychological peer victimization. Child Abus Negl. 2013;37(12):1163-1174. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.07.010
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.07... , ³⁹39 Lima FSS, Merchán-Hamann E, Urdaneta M, et al. Fatores associados à violência contra mulheres profissionais do sexo de dez cidades brasileiras. Cad Saúde Pública. 2017;33(2):e00157815. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00157815
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0015781... , ⁵⁴54 Halpern SC, Scherer JN, Roglio V, et al. Vulnerabilidades clínicas e sociais em usuários de crack de acordo com a situação de moradia: um estudo multicêntrico em seis capitais brasileiras. Cad Saúde Pública. 2017;33(6):e00037517. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00037517
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0003751... , ⁵⁵55 Pilecco FB, Knauth DR, Vigo A. Aborto e coerção sexual: O contexto de vulnerabilidade entre mulheres jovens. Cad Saúde Pública. 2011;27(3):427-439. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2011000300004
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X201100... , ⁵⁷57 Associação Portuguesa de Apoio à Vítima. Estatísticas APAV – Relatório Anual 2021 [Internet]. Lisboa, Portugal; 2022 [acesso em 2022 abr 12]. Disponível em: https://apav.pt/apav_v3/images/press/Relatorio_Anual_2021.pdf
https://apav.pt/apav_v3/images/press/Rel... , ⁶⁷67 Felitti VJ, Anda RF, Nordenberg D, et al. Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. Am J Prev Med. 1998;56(6):245-258. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0749-3797(98)00017-8
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0749-3797(98)00... , ⁶⁸68 Instituto Nacional de Saúde (MZ), Ministry of Health, Ministry of Gender Child and Social Action, Instituto Nacional de Estatística; U.S. Centers for Control Disease. Mozambique Violence against children and youth survey (VACS 2019) [Internet]. Maputo, Mozambique; 2022 [acesso em 2022 mar 18]. Disponível em: https://files.mutualcdn.com/tfg/assets/files/Mozambique-VACS-report.pdf
https://files.mutualcdn.com/tfg/assets/f... , ⁷⁰70 Tjaden P, Thoennes N. Prevalence, incidence, and consequences of violence against women: Findings from the national violence against women survey. VAW [Internet]. 1998 [acesso em 2022 fev 4];6(2):2-16. Disponível em: https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles/172837.pdf
https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles/172837.pdf... , eight of which questioned the experience of that violence¹⁷17 Carvalho JR, Oliveira VH. Pesquisa de condições socioeconômicas e violência doméstica e familiar contra a mulher – Relatório Executivo III – Primeira Onda – 2016. Prevalência da Violência Doméstica e o Impacto nas Novas Gerações [Internet]. [local desconhecido]: Instituto Maria da Penha; 2016 [acesso em 2022 jan 11]. Disponível em: https://www.institutomariadapenha.org.br/assets/downloads/relatorio_I.pdf
https://www.institutomariadapenha.org.br... , ²⁰20 Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (BR). Sistema de Indicadores de Percepção Social – Tolerância social à violência contra as mulheres [Internet]. [local desconhecido]: Ipea; 2014 [acesso em 2022 mar 7]. Disponível em: https://assets-compromissoeatitude-ipg.sfo2.digitaloceanspaces.com/2014/04/IPEA_sips_violenciamulheres04042014.pdf
https://assets-compromissoeatitude-ipg.s... , ³⁴34 Boel-Studt S, Renner LM. Individual and familial risk and protective correlates of physical and psychological peer victimization. Child Abus Negl. 2013;37(12):1163-1174. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.07.010
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.07... , ³⁹39 Lima FSS, Merchán-Hamann E, Urdaneta M, et al. Fatores associados à violência contra mulheres profissionais do sexo de dez cidades brasileiras. Cad Saúde Pública. 2017;33(2):e00157815. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00157815
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0015781... , ⁵⁴54 Halpern SC, Scherer JN, Roglio V, et al. Vulnerabilidades clínicas e sociais em usuários de crack de acordo com a situação de moradia: um estudo multicêntrico em seis capitais brasileiras. Cad Saúde Pública. 2017;33(6):e00037517. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00037517
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0003751... , ⁶⁷67 Felitti VJ, Anda RF, Nordenberg D, et al. Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. Am J Prev Med. 1998;56(6):245-258. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0749-3797(98)00017-8
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0749-3797(98)00... , ⁶⁸68 Instituto Nacional de Saúde (MZ), Ministry of Health, Ministry of Gender Child and Social Action, Instituto Nacional de Estatística; U.S. Centers for Control Disease. Mozambique Violence against children and youth survey (VACS 2019) [Internet]. Maputo, Mozambique; 2022 [acesso em 2022 mar 18]. Disponível em: https://files.mutualcdn.com/tfg/assets/files/Mozambique-VACS-report.pdf
https://files.mutualcdn.com/tfg/assets/f... , ⁷¹71 Taylor BG, Mumford EA, Liu W. The National Survey of Teen Relationships and Intimate Violence [Internet]. Washington, DC: Department of Justice; 2016 [acesso em 2022 mar 2]. Disponível em: https://nij.ojp.gov/library/publications/national-survey-teen-relationships-and-intimate-violence-striv
https://nij.ojp.gov/library/publications... and only two investigated the relationship between the victim and the aggressor⁵⁵55 Pilecco FB, Knauth DR, Vigo A. Aborto e coerção sexual: O contexto de vulnerabilidade entre mulheres jovens. Cad Saúde Pública. 2011;27(3):427-439. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2011000300004
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X201100... , ⁵⁷57 Associação Portuguesa de Apoio à Vítima. Estatísticas APAV – Relatório Anual 2021 [Internet]. Lisboa, Portugal; 2022 [acesso em 2022 abr 12]. Disponível em: https://apav.pt/apav_v3/images/press/Relatorio_Anual_2021.pdf
https://apav.pt/apav_v3/images/press/Rel... . Sixteen studies contained variables on situations of intimate partner or sexual violence¹⁶16 World Health Organization, Global Consultation on Violence and Health. Violence: a public health priority [Internet]. Geneva: WHO; 1996 [acesso em 2022 jan 11]. Disponível em: https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/179463
https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/179463... , ¹⁷17 Carvalho JR, Oliveira VH. Pesquisa de condições socioeconômicas e violência doméstica e familiar contra a mulher – Relatório Executivo III – Primeira Onda – 2016. Prevalência da Violência Doméstica e o Impacto nas Novas Gerações [Internet]. [local desconhecido]: Instituto Maria da Penha; 2016 [acesso em 2022 jan 11]. Disponível em: https://www.institutomariadapenha.org.br/assets/downloads/relatorio_I.pdf
https://www.institutomariadapenha.org.br... , ¹⁸18 Bueno S, Martins J, Pimentel A. Visível e invisível: a vitimização de mulheres no Brasil [Internet]. 3. ed. [local desconhecido]: Fórum Brasileiro de Segurança Pública; 2021 [acesso em 2022 mar 11]. Disponível em: https://forumseguranca.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/relatorio-visivel-e-invisivel-3ed-2021-v3.pdf
https://forumseguranca.org.br/wp-content... , ¹⁹19 Instituto Patrícia Galvão (BR). Violência doméstica contra a mulher na pandemia [Internet]. [local desconhecido]: Instituto Patrícia Galvão; 2020 [acesso em 2022 fev 18]. Disponível em: https://assets-institucional-ipg.sfo2.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/2020/11/LocomotivaIPG_ViolenciaDomesticanaPandemiaFinal.pdf
https://assets-institucional-ipg.sfo2.cd... , ²⁰20 Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (BR). Sistema de Indicadores de Percepção Social – Tolerância social à violência contra as mulheres [Internet]. [local desconhecido]: Ipea; 2014 [acesso em 2022 mar 7]. Disponível em: https://assets-compromissoeatitude-ipg.sfo2.digitaloceanspaces.com/2014/04/IPEA_sips_violenciamulheres04042014.pdf
https://assets-compromissoeatitude-ipg.s... , ²⁶26 Kuhlmann AKS, Foggia J, Fu Q, et al. Intimate partner violence as a predictor of antenatal care service utilization in Honduras. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2017;41(e104). DOI: https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2017.104
https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2017.104... , ²⁷27 Carmona-Torres JM, Recio-Andrade B, Rodríguez-Borrego MA. Intimate partner violence among health professionals: Distribution by autonomous communities in Spain. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2017;51:e03256. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X2016049803256
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X201604... , ²⁹29 Conserve DF, Whembolua GLS, Surkan PJ. Attitudes toward intimate partner violence and associations with condom use among men in Haiti: An analysis of the nationally representative demographic health survey. J Interpers Violence. 2016;31(6):989-1006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514564065
https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514564065... , ³²32 Zembe YZ, Townsend L, Thorson A, et al. Intimate partner violence, relationship power inequity and the role of sexual and social risk factors in the production of violence among young women who have multiple sexual partners in a peri-urban setting in South Africa. PLoS One. 2015;10(11):e0139430. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0139430
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.013... , ³³33 Rahman M, Nakamura K, Seino K, et al. Does gender inequity increase the risk of intimate partner violence among women? Evidence from a national Bangladeshi sample. PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e82423. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0082423
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.008... , ⁵⁷57 Associação Portuguesa de Apoio à Vítima. Estatísticas APAV – Relatório Anual 2021 [Internet]. Lisboa, Portugal; 2022 [acesso em 2022 abr 12]. Disponível em: https://apav.pt/apav_v3/images/press/Relatorio_Anual_2021.pdf
https://apav.pt/apav_v3/images/press/Rel... , ⁶²62 Daoud N, Urquia ML, O’Campo P, et al. Prevalence of abuse and violence before, during, and after pregnancy in a national sample of Canadian women. Am J Public Health. 2012;102(10):1893-1901. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300843
https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300843... , ⁶⁵65 Leemis RW, Friar N, Khatiwada S, et al. The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey: 2016/2017 Report on Intimate Partner Violence [Internet]. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2022 [acesso em 2022 fev 23]. Disponível em: https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/124646
https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/124646... , ⁶⁶66 Smith SG, Chen J, Basile KC, et al. The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS): 2010-2012 State Report [Internet]. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2017 [acesso em 2022 mar 12]. Disponível em: https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/46305
https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/46305... , ⁶⁸68 Instituto Nacional de Saúde (MZ), Ministry of Health, Ministry of Gender Child and Social Action, Instituto Nacional de Estatística; U.S. Centers for Control Disease. Mozambique Violence against children and youth survey (VACS 2019) [Internet]. Maputo, Mozambique; 2022 [acesso em 2022 mar 18]. Disponível em: https://files.mutualcdn.com/tfg/assets/files/Mozambique-VACS-report.pdf
https://files.mutualcdn.com/tfg/assets/f... , ⁶⁹69 Tjaden P, Thoennes N. Stalking in America: Findings from the National Violence Against Women Survey. Natl Inst Justice Centers Dis Control Prev [Inernet]. 1998 [acesso em 2022 fev 4]. Disponível em: https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/21857
https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/21857... , ⁷¹71 Taylor BG, Mumford EA, Liu W. The National Survey of Teen Relationships and Intimate Violence [Internet]. Washington, DC: Department of Justice; 2016 [acesso em 2022 mar 2]. Disponível em: https://nij.ojp.gov/library/publications/national-survey-teen-relationships-and-intimate-violence-striv
https://nij.ojp.gov/library/publications... , of which twelve exhibited data on forms of violence¹⁷17 Carvalho JR, Oliveira VH. Pesquisa de condições socioeconômicas e violência doméstica e familiar contra a mulher – Relatório Executivo III – Primeira Onda – 2016. Prevalência da Violência Doméstica e o Impacto nas Novas Gerações [Internet]. [local desconhecido]: Instituto Maria da Penha; 2016 [acesso em 2022 jan 11]. Disponível em: https://www.institutomariadapenha.org.br/assets/downloads/relatorio_I.pdf
https://www.institutomariadapenha.org.br... , ¹⁹19 Instituto Patrícia Galvão (BR). Violência doméstica contra a mulher na pandemia [Internet]. [local desconhecido]: Instituto Patrícia Galvão; 2020 [acesso em 2022 fev 18]. Disponível em: https://assets-institucional-ipg.sfo2.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/2020/11/LocomotivaIPG_ViolenciaDomesticanaPandemiaFinal.pdf
https://assets-institucional-ipg.sfo2.cd... , ²⁰20 Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (BR). Sistema de Indicadores de Percepção Social – Tolerância social à violência contra as mulheres [Internet]. [local desconhecido]: Ipea; 2014 [acesso em 2022 mar 7]. Disponível em: https://assets-compromissoeatitude-ipg.sfo2.digitaloceanspaces.com/2014/04/IPEA_sips_violenciamulheres04042014.pdf
https://assets-compromissoeatitude-ipg.s... , ²⁶26 Kuhlmann AKS, Foggia J, Fu Q, et al. Intimate partner violence as a predictor of antenatal care service utilization in Honduras. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2017;41(e104). DOI: https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2017.104
https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2017.104... , ²⁷27 Carmona-Torres JM, Recio-Andrade B, Rodríguez-Borrego MA. Intimate partner violence among health professionals: Distribution by autonomous communities in Spain. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2017;51:e03256. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X2016049803256
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X201604... , ²⁹29 Conserve DF, Whembolua GLS, Surkan PJ. Attitudes toward intimate partner violence and associations with condom use among men in Haiti: An analysis of the nationally representative demographic health survey. J Interpers Violence. 2016;31(6):989-1006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514564065
https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514564065... , ³²32 Zembe YZ, Townsend L, Thorson A, et al. Intimate partner violence, relationship power inequity and the role of sexual and social risk factors in the production of violence among young women who have multiple sexual partners in a peri-urban setting in South Africa. PLoS One. 2015;10(11):e0139430. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0139430
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.013... , ³³33 Rahman M, Nakamura K, Seino K, et al. Does gender inequity increase the risk of intimate partner violence among women? Evidence from a national Bangladeshi sample. PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e82423. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0082423
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.008... , ⁶²62 Daoud N, Urquia ML, O’Campo P, et al. Prevalence of abuse and violence before, during, and after pregnancy in a national sample of Canadian women. Am J Public Health. 2012;102(10):1893-1901. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300843
https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300843... , ⁶⁵65 Leemis RW, Friar N, Khatiwada S, et al. The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey: 2016/2017 Report on Intimate Partner Violence [Internet]. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2022 [acesso em 2022 fev 23]. Disponível em: https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/124646
https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/124646... , ⁶⁶66 Smith SG, Chen J, Basile KC, et al. The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS): 2010-2012 State Report [Internet]. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2017 [acesso em 2022 mar 12]. Disponível em: https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/46305
https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/46305... . Just one explored the relationship between victim and aggressor⁵⁷57 Associação Portuguesa de Apoio à Vítima. Estatísticas APAV – Relatório Anual 2021 [Internet]. Lisboa, Portugal; 2022 [acesso em 2022 abr 12]. Disponível em: https://apav.pt/apav_v3/images/press/Relatorio_Anual_2021.pdf
https://apav.pt/apav_v3/images/press/Rel... , and another one discussed violence in the first sexual experience⁶⁸68 Instituto Nacional de Saúde (MZ), Ministry of Health, Ministry of Gender Child and Social Action, Instituto Nacional de Estatística; U.S. Centers for Control Disease. Mozambique Violence against children and youth survey (VACS 2019) [Internet]. Maputo, Mozambique; 2022 [acesso em 2022 mar 18]. Disponível em: https://files.mutualcdn.com/tfg/assets/files/Mozambique-VACS-report.pdf
https://files.mutualcdn.com/tfg/assets/f... . Twenty studies exhibited variables on sexual behavior¹⁷17 Carvalho JR, Oliveira VH. Pesquisa de condições socioeconômicas e violência doméstica e familiar contra a mulher – Relatório Executivo III – Primeira Onda – 2016. Prevalência da Violência Doméstica e o Impacto nas Novas Gerações [Internet]. [local desconhecido]: Instituto Maria da Penha; 2016 [acesso em 2022 jan 11]. Disponível em: https://www.institutomariadapenha.org.br/assets/downloads/relatorio_I.pdf
https://www.institutomariadapenha.org.br... , ¹⁸18 Bueno S, Martins J, Pimentel A. Visível e invisível: a vitimização de mulheres no Brasil [Internet]. 3. ed. [local desconhecido]: Fórum Brasileiro de Segurança Pública; 2021 [acesso em 2022 mar 11]. Disponível em: https://forumseguranca.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/relatorio-visivel-e-invisivel-3ed-2021-v3.pdf
https://forumseguranca.org.br/wp-content... , ²⁰20 Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (BR). Sistema de Indicadores de Percepção Social – Tolerância social à violência contra as mulheres [Internet]. [local desconhecido]: Ipea; 2014 [acesso em 2022 mar 7]. Disponível em: https://assets-compromissoeatitude-ipg.sfo2.digitaloceanspaces.com/2014/04/IPEA_sips_violenciamulheres04042014.pdf
https://assets-compromissoeatitude-ipg.s... , ²⁹29 Conserve DF, Whembolua GLS, Surkan PJ. Attitudes toward intimate partner violence and associations with condom use among men in Haiti: An analysis of the nationally representative demographic health survey. J Interpers Violence. 2016;31(6):989-1006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514564065
https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514564065... , ³²32 Zembe YZ, Townsend L, Thorson A, et al. Intimate partner violence, relationship power inequity and the role of sexual and social risk factors in the production of violence among young women who have multiple sexual partners in a peri-urban setting in South Africa. PLoS One. 2015;10(11):e0139430. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0139430
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.013... , ³⁴34 Boel-Studt S, Renner LM. Individual and familial risk and protective correlates of physical and psychological peer victimization. Child Abus Negl. 2013;37(12):1163-1174. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.07.010
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.07... , ⁵⁴54 Halpern SC, Scherer JN, Roglio V, et al. Vulnerabilidades clínicas e sociais em usuários de crack de acordo com a situação de moradia: um estudo multicêntrico em seis capitais brasileiras. Cad Saúde Pública. 2017;33(6):e00037517. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00037517
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0003751... , ⁵⁶56 Augusto LP. Levantamento das denúncias de violência familiar nas Delegacias de Defesa da Mulher do município de São Paulo: um estudo sobre a interface com o uso de bebidas alcoólicas e outras drogas [dissertação]. São Paulo: Universidade Federal de São Paulo; 2010., ⁵⁸58 Griboski RA. Mulheres trabalhadoras rurais e violências por parceiros íntimos [tese na Internet]. Brasília, DF: Universidade de Brasília; 2015 [acesso em 2024 jan 23]. Disponível em: http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/18934
http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/1... , ⁶²62 Daoud N, Urquia ML, O’Campo P, et al. Prevalence of abuse and violence before, during, and after pregnancy in a national sample of Canadian women. Am J Public Health. 2012;102(10):1893-1901. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300843
https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300843... , ⁶³63 Deribe K, Beyene BK, Tolla A, et al. Magnitude and correlates of intimate partner violence against women and its outcome in Southwest Ethiopia. PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e36189. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0036189
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.003... , ⁶⁴64 Navaratne KV, Fonseka P, Rajapakshe L, et al. Population-based estimates of injuries in Sri Lanka. Inj Prev. 2009;15(3):170-175. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/ip.2008.019943
https://doi.org/10.1136/ip.2008.019943... , ⁶⁵65 Leemis RW, Friar N, Khatiwada S, et al. The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey: 2016/2017 Report on Intimate Partner Violence [Internet]. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2022 [acesso em 2022 fev 23]. Disponível em: https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/124646
https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/124646... , ⁶⁶66 Smith SG, Chen J, Basile KC, et al. The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS): 2010-2012 State Report [Internet]. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2017 [acesso em 2022 mar 12]. Disponível em: https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/46305
https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/46305... , ⁶⁷67 Felitti VJ, Anda RF, Nordenberg D, et al. Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. Am J Prev Med. 1998;56(6):245-258. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0749-3797(98)00017-8
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0749-3797(98)00... , ⁶⁸68 Instituto Nacional de Saúde (MZ), Ministry of Health, Ministry of Gender Child and Social Action, Instituto Nacional de Estatística; U.S. Centers for Control Disease. Mozambique Violence against children and youth survey (VACS 2019) [Internet]. Maputo, Mozambique; 2022 [acesso em 2022 mar 18]. Disponível em: https://files.mutualcdn.com/tfg/assets/files/Mozambique-VACS-report.pdf
https://files.mutualcdn.com/tfg/assets/f... , ⁶⁹69 Tjaden P, Thoennes N. Stalking in America: Findings from the National Violence Against Women Survey. Natl Inst Justice Centers Dis Control Prev [Inernet]. 1998 [acesso em 2022 fev 4]. Disponível em: https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/21857
https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/21857... , ⁷⁰70 Tjaden P, Thoennes N. Prevalence, incidence, and consequences of violence against women: Findings from the national violence against women survey. VAW [Internet]. 1998 [acesso em 2022 fev 4];6(2):2-16. Disponível em: https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles/172837.pdf
https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles/172837.pdf... , ⁷¹71 Taylor BG, Mumford EA, Liu W. The National Survey of Teen Relationships and Intimate Violence [Internet]. Washington, DC: Department of Justice; 2016 [acesso em 2022 mar 2]. Disponível em: https://nij.ojp.gov/library/publications/national-survey-teen-relationships-and-intimate-violence-striv
https://nij.ojp.gov/library/publications... , ⁷²72 Grotpeter J, Menard S, Gianola D, et al. Sexual Violence: Longitudinal, Multigenerational Evidence from the National Youth Survey [Internet]. Washington, DC: Department of Justice; 2008 [acesso em 2022 jan 29]. Disponível em: https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/223284.pdf
https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants... , of which twelve investigated sexual violence¹⁷17 Carvalho JR, Oliveira VH. Pesquisa de condições socioeconômicas e violência doméstica e familiar contra a mulher – Relatório Executivo III – Primeira Onda – 2016. Prevalência da Violência Doméstica e o Impacto nas Novas Gerações [Internet]. [local desconhecido]: Instituto Maria da Penha; 2016 [acesso em 2022 jan 11]. Disponível em: https://www.institutomariadapenha.org.br/assets/downloads/relatorio_I.pdf
https://www.institutomariadapenha.org.br... , ⁵⁵55 Pilecco FB, Knauth DR, Vigo A. Aborto e coerção sexual: O contexto de vulnerabilidade entre mulheres jovens. Cad Saúde Pública. 2011;27(3):427-439. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2011000300004
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X201100... , ⁵⁸58 Griboski RA. Mulheres trabalhadoras rurais e violências por parceiros íntimos [tese na Internet]. Brasília, DF: Universidade de Brasília; 2015 [acesso em 2024 jan 23]. Disponível em: http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/18934
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https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.003... , ⁶⁶66 Smith SG, Chen J, Basile KC, et al. The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS): 2010-2012 State Report [Internet]. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2017 [acesso em 2022 mar 12]. Disponível em: https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/46305
https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/46305... , ⁶⁷67 Felitti VJ, Anda RF, Nordenberg D, et al. Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. Am J Prev Med. 1998;56(6):245-258. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0749-3797(98)00017-8
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0749-3797(98)00... , ⁶⁸68 Instituto Nacional de Saúde (MZ), Ministry of Health, Ministry of Gender Child and Social Action, Instituto Nacional de Estatística; U.S. Centers for Control Disease. Mozambique Violence against children and youth survey (VACS 2019) [Internet]. Maputo, Mozambique; 2022 [acesso em 2022 mar 18]. Disponível em: https://files.mutualcdn.com/tfg/assets/files/Mozambique-VACS-report.pdf
https://files.mutualcdn.com/tfg/assets/f... , ⁶⁹69 Tjaden P, Thoennes N. Stalking in America: Findings from the National Violence Against Women Survey. Natl Inst Justice Centers Dis Control Prev [Inernet]. 1998 [acesso em 2022 fev 4]. Disponível em: https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/21857
https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/21857... , ⁷⁰70 Tjaden P, Thoennes N. Prevalence, incidence, and consequences of violence against women: Findings from the national violence against women survey. VAW [Internet]. 1998 [acesso em 2022 fev 4];6(2):2-16. Disponível em: https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles/172837.pdf
https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles/172837.pdf... , ⁷²72 Grotpeter J, Menard S, Gianola D, et al. Sexual Violence: Longitudinal, Multigenerational Evidence from the National Youth Survey [Internet]. Washington, DC: Department of Justice; 2008 [acesso em 2022 jan 29]. Disponível em: https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/223284.pdf
https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants... , ⁷³73 Lisboa M, Barroso Z, Patrício J, et al. Violência e Género – Inquérito Nacional sobre a Violência exercida contra Mulheres e Homens [Internet]. Lisboa, Portugal; 2009 [acesso em 2022 abr 9]. Disponível em: https://run.unl.pt/bitstream/10362/56714/1/Viol_ncia_e_G_nero.pdf
https://run.unl.pt/bitstream/10362/56714... , and thirteen explored sexual harassment¹⁸18 Bueno S, Martins J, Pimentel A. Visível e invisível: a vitimização de mulheres no Brasil [Internet]. 3. ed. [local desconhecido]: Fórum Brasileiro de Segurança Pública; 2021 [acesso em 2022 mar 11]. Disponível em: https://forumseguranca.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/relatorio-visivel-e-invisivel-3ed-2021-v3.pdf
https://forumseguranca.org.br/wp-content... , ²⁰20 Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (BR). Sistema de Indicadores de Percepção Social – Tolerância social à violência contra as mulheres [Internet]. [local desconhecido]: Ipea; 2014 [acesso em 2022 mar 7]. Disponível em: https://assets-compromissoeatitude-ipg.sfo2.digitaloceanspaces.com/2014/04/IPEA_sips_violenciamulheres04042014.pdf
https://assets-compromissoeatitude-ipg.s... , ²⁹29 Conserve DF, Whembolua GLS, Surkan PJ. Attitudes toward intimate partner violence and associations with condom use among men in Haiti: An analysis of the nationally representative demographic health survey. J Interpers Violence. 2016;31(6):989-1006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514564065
https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514564065... , ³²32 Zembe YZ, Townsend L, Thorson A, et al. Intimate partner violence, relationship power inequity and the role of sexual and social risk factors in the production of violence among young women who have multiple sexual partners in a peri-urban setting in South Africa. PLoS One. 2015;10(11):e0139430. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0139430
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.013... , ³⁴34 Boel-Studt S, Renner LM. Individual and familial risk and protective correlates of physical and psychological peer victimization. Child Abus Negl. 2013;37(12):1163-1174. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.07.010
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.07... , ⁵⁴54 Halpern SC, Scherer JN, Roglio V, et al. Vulnerabilidades clínicas e sociais em usuários de crack de acordo com a situação de moradia: um estudo multicêntrico em seis capitais brasileiras. Cad Saúde Pública. 2017;33(6):e00037517. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00037517
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0003751... , ⁵⁷57 Associação Portuguesa de Apoio à Vítima. Estatísticas APAV – Relatório Anual 2021 [Internet]. Lisboa, Portugal; 2022 [acesso em 2022 abr 12]. Disponível em: https://apav.pt/apav_v3/images/press/Relatorio_Anual_2021.pdf
https://apav.pt/apav_v3/images/press/Rel... , ⁶³63 Deribe K, Beyene BK, Tolla A, et al. Magnitude and correlates of intimate partner violence against women and its outcome in Southwest Ethiopia. PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e36189. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0036189
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.003... , ⁶⁵65 Leemis RW, Friar N, Khatiwada S, et al. The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey: 2016/2017 Report on Intimate Partner Violence [Internet]. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2022 [acesso em 2022 fev 23]. Disponível em: https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/124646
https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/124646... , ⁶⁶66 Smith SG, Chen J, Basile KC, et al. The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS): 2010-2012 State Report [Internet]. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2017 [acesso em 2022 mar 12]. Disponível em: https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/46305
https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/46305... , ⁶⁹69 Tjaden P, Thoennes N. Stalking in America: Findings from the National Violence Against Women Survey. Natl Inst Justice Centers Dis Control Prev [Inernet]. 1998 [acesso em 2022 fev 4]. Disponível em: https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/21857
https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/21857... , ⁷¹71 Taylor BG, Mumford EA, Liu W. The National Survey of Teen Relationships and Intimate Violence [Internet]. Washington, DC: Department of Justice; 2016 [acesso em 2022 mar 2]. Disponível em: https://nij.ojp.gov/library/publications/national-survey-teen-relationships-and-intimate-violence-striv
https://nij.ojp.gov/library/publications... , ⁷³73 Lisboa M, Barroso Z, Patrício J, et al. Violência e Género – Inquérito Nacional sobre a Violência exercida contra Mulheres e Homens [Internet]. Lisboa, Portugal; 2009 [acesso em 2022 abr 9]. Disponível em: https://run.unl.pt/bitstream/10362/56714/1/Viol_ncia_e_G_nero.pdf
https://run.unl.pt/bitstream/10362/56714... .

Only six studies adopted variables on sexual diversity and gender identity²⁰20 Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (BR). Sistema de Indicadores de Percepção Social – Tolerância social à violência contra as mulheres [Internet]. [local desconhecido]: Ipea; 2014 [acesso em 2022 mar 7]. Disponível em: https://assets-compromissoeatitude-ipg.sfo2.digitaloceanspaces.com/2014/04/IPEA_sips_violenciamulheres04042014.pdf
https://assets-compromissoeatitude-ipg.s... , ³²32 Zembe YZ, Townsend L, Thorson A, et al. Intimate partner violence, relationship power inequity and the role of sexual and social risk factors in the production of violence among young women who have multiple sexual partners in a peri-urban setting in South Africa. PLoS One. 2015;10(11):e0139430. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0139430
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.013... , ⁵⁷57 Associação Portuguesa de Apoio à Vítima. Estatísticas APAV – Relatório Anual 2021 [Internet]. Lisboa, Portugal; 2022 [acesso em 2022 abr 12]. Disponível em: https://apav.pt/apav_v3/images/press/Relatorio_Anual_2021.pdf
https://apav.pt/apav_v3/images/press/Rel... , ⁶⁸68 Instituto Nacional de Saúde (MZ), Ministry of Health, Ministry of Gender Child and Social Action, Instituto Nacional de Estatística; U.S. Centers for Control Disease. Mozambique Violence against children and youth survey (VACS 2019) [Internet]. Maputo, Mozambique; 2022 [acesso em 2022 mar 18]. Disponível em: https://files.mutualcdn.com/tfg/assets/files/Mozambique-VACS-report.pdf
https://files.mutualcdn.com/tfg/assets/f... , ⁷¹71 Taylor BG, Mumford EA, Liu W. The National Survey of Teen Relationships and Intimate Violence [Internet]. Washington, DC: Department of Justice; 2016 [acesso em 2022 mar 2]. Disponível em: https://nij.ojp.gov/library/publications/national-survey-teen-relationships-and-intimate-violence-striv
https://nij.ojp.gov/library/publications... , ⁷³73 Lisboa M, Barroso Z, Patrício J, et al. Violência e Género – Inquérito Nacional sobre a Violência exercida contra Mulheres e Homens [Internet]. Lisboa, Portugal; 2009 [acesso em 2022 abr 9]. Disponível em: https://run.unl.pt/bitstream/10362/56714/1/Viol_ncia_e_G_nero.pdf
https://run.unl.pt/bitstream/10362/56714... , of which three investigated violence related to gender stereotypes³²32 Zembe YZ, Townsend L, Thorson A, et al. Intimate partner violence, relationship power inequity and the role of sexual and social risk factors in the production of violence among young women who have multiple sexual partners in a peri-urban setting in South Africa. PLoS One. 2015;10(11):e0139430. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0139430
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.013... , ⁷¹71 Taylor BG, Mumford EA, Liu W. The National Survey of Teen Relationships and Intimate Violence [Internet]. Washington, DC: Department of Justice; 2016 [acesso em 2022 mar 2]. Disponível em: https://nij.ojp.gov/library/publications/national-survey-teen-relationships-and-intimate-violence-striv
https://nij.ojp.gov/library/publications... , ⁷³73 Lisboa M, Barroso Z, Patrício J, et al. Violência e Género – Inquérito Nacional sobre a Violência exercida contra Mulheres e Homens [Internet]. Lisboa, Portugal; 2009 [acesso em 2022 abr 9]. Disponível em: https://run.unl.pt/bitstream/10362/56714/1/Viol_ncia_e_G_nero.pdf
https://run.unl.pt/bitstream/10362/56714... , such as the stereotype that women would not be able to fill leadership positions, and the other three explored sexual and gender discrimination²⁰20 Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (BR). Sistema de Indicadores de Percepção Social – Tolerância social à violência contra as mulheres [Internet]. [local desconhecido]: Ipea; 2014 [acesso em 2022 mar 7]. Disponível em: https://assets-compromissoeatitude-ipg.sfo2.digitaloceanspaces.com/2014/04/IPEA_sips_violenciamulheres04042014.pdf
https://assets-compromissoeatitude-ipg.s... , ⁵⁷57 Associação Portuguesa de Apoio à Vítima. Estatísticas APAV – Relatório Anual 2021 [Internet]. Lisboa, Portugal; 2022 [acesso em 2022 abr 12]. Disponível em: https://apav.pt/apav_v3/images/press/Relatorio_Anual_2021.pdf
https://apav.pt/apav_v3/images/press/Rel... , ⁶⁸68 Instituto Nacional de Saúde (MZ), Ministry of Health, Ministry of Gender Child and Social Action, Instituto Nacional de Estatística; U.S. Centers for Control Disease. Mozambique Violence against children and youth survey (VACS 2019) [Internet]. Maputo, Mozambique; 2022 [acesso em 2022 mar 18]. Disponível em: https://files.mutualcdn.com/tfg/assets/files/Mozambique-VACS-report.pdf
https://files.mutualcdn.com/tfg/assets/f... , questioning whether homosexual couples should have the same rights as hetero affective couples.

More specifically regarding sexual violence, inquiries retrieved variables to measure the magnitude of the problem related to sexual violence, identification of risk and protection factors, identification of possible consequences of sexual violence, guidance on care, strategies and public policies for managing the consequences of violence and the monitoring and evaluation of services, interventions or treatments received by victims of violence.

Discussion

Data discussion considers that the aim of this scoping review is to map population surveys identifying data on domestic, intrafamily, intimate partner and sexual violences. It includes approaches to sexual behavior and sexual and gender diversity and guides the design of data collection and analysis on violence to be carried out in population surveys.

The first step in planning a survey on violence is to determine the central purpose of the study. The surveys included here had the aim to estimate the prevalence of violence in the population, whether sexual, domestic, urban, interpersonal, among others, providing an epidemiological understanding and regional peculiarities and particularities⁷⁴74 Borges KMO, Macena RHM, Sousa JEP, et al. Violências e privação de liberdade: uma discussão em saúde coletiva. Maringá: Booknando Livros; 2019. 160 p..

Most studies in this sample focused on domestic or sexual violence when compared to other types of violence. As to the literature, the justification lies in the increasing number of studies on domestic violence in recent years⁷⁵75 Ali P, Allmark P, Booth A, et al. How accurate and useful are published UK prevalence rates of intimate partner violence (IPV)? Rapid review and methodological commentary. J Crim Psychol. 2021;11(2):129-140. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/jcp-11-2020-0048
https://doi.org/10.1108/jcp-11-2020-0048... , which can be attributed to the growth of public concern on domestic violence driven by awareness campaigns, social movements and cultural changes⁷⁶76 Kelly J, Payton E. A Content analysis of local media framing of intimate partner violence. Violence Gend. 2019;6(1)47-52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/vio.2018.001
https://doi.org/10.1089/vio.2018.001... .

As a result, domestic violence has become more visible and important in society, leading to an increasing demand for research and studies on the theme. However, public interest in data on other types of violence, such as violence against children, for example, has decreased in recent years. The literature connects this result with stress, dissatisfaction and negative feelings related to the spreading of information about violence against children and adolescents⁷⁶76 Kelly J, Payton E. A Content analysis of local media framing of intimate partner violence. Violence Gend. 2019;6(1)47-52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/vio.2018.001
https://doi.org/10.1089/vio.2018.001... , ⁷⁷77 Hartwell M, Hendrix-Dicken AD, Sajjadi NB, et al. Trends in public interest in child abuse in the United States: An infodemiology study of Google Trends from 2004 to 2022. Child Abuse Negl. 2022;134:105868. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105868
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.10... .

Many studies have aimed to identify risk and protective factors related to violence. As for other studies, this type of study is useful to verify whether there is a correlation between the type of violence and age, gender, race, socioeconomic status or other factors able to support local actions and planning for prevention, care, and managing of violence⁷⁴74 Borges KMO, Macena RHM, Sousa JEP, et al. Violências e privação de liberdade: uma discussão em saúde coletiva. Maringá: Booknando Livros; 2019. 160 p., ⁷⁸78 Nobre CS. Violência interpessoal entre escolares de Fortaleza: análise situacional de vítimas, agressores e observadores [tese]. Salvador: Universidade Federal da Bahia; 2019., ⁷⁹79 Carnassale VD. Notificação de violência contra a mulher: conhecer para intervir na realidade [dissertação]. São Paulo: Universidade de São Paulo; 2012..

Besides, we observed that the study variables and questions – whether the victim received the help she needed, what types of resources she received from the services after the violence, where she sought for help, who gave her support, for example – help to identify the consequences of violence also for the victims, by means of consequences on emotional and physical health, and family and social impacts, as for society in general, since the planning of prevention and care actions is an investment in reducing costs and social burdens that result from sexual violence.

To understand the consequences of violence, studies assessed the presence of mental health problems, risk behaviors, impact on productivity, and costs associated with health, social, and victim rights care⁷⁴74 Borges KMO, Macena RHM, Sousa JEP, et al. Violências e privação de liberdade: uma discussão em saúde coletiva. Maringá: Booknando Livros; 2019. 160 p., ⁷⁸78 Nobre CS. Violência interpessoal entre escolares de Fortaleza: análise situacional de vítimas, agressores e observadores [tese]. Salvador: Universidade Federal da Bahia; 2019., ⁷⁹79 Carnassale VD. Notificação de violência contra a mulher: conhecer para intervir na realidade [dissertação]. São Paulo: Universidade de São Paulo; 2012..

Surveys here analyzed have the potential to guide public policies, since they provide important information for the planning of prevention and intervention strategies as for the violence theme⁷⁹79 Carnassale VD. Notificação de violência contra a mulher: conhecer para intervir na realidade [dissertação]. São Paulo: Universidade de São Paulo; 2012., ⁸⁰80 Santana IO. Violência urbana e suas implicações na qualidade de vida de pessoas idosas [tese]. João Pessoa: Universidade Federal da Paraíba; 2015., ⁸¹81 Nascimento AF, Deslandes SF. A construção da agenda pública brasileira de enfrentamento da violência sexual infanto-juvenil. Physis. 2016;26(4):1171-1191. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-73312016000400006
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-7331201600... . An example is the great concern about the risk of sexual violence against women and the LGBTQIA+ population. Thus, women care services, by means of those studies, are encouraged to find signs of violence in the women there attended, rendering explicit help to address resources and efforts to where they are most needed and effective, in a cost-effective basis⁸²82 Moleiro C, Pinto N, Oliveira JM, et al. Violência doméstica: boas práticas no apoio a vítimas LGBT: guia de boas práticas para profissionais de estruturas de apoio a vítimas. Lisboa: Comissão para a Cidadania e a Igualdade de Género; 2016..

Some surveys also aimed to monitor and evaluate interventions for the handling of violence consequences. When a study confirms the positive results of a practice or intervention, that data subsidizes the dissemination of good practices or evidence-based interventions⁸³83 Vasconcelos NM, Alves FTA, Andrade GN, et al. Violência contra pessoas LGB+ no Brasil: análise da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2019. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2023;26(supl1):e230005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-549720230005.supl.1.1
https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-54972023000... . When they raise weaknesses or challenges in the handling of violence situations, the survey results uncover issues that need improvement, better planning or local or cultural adaptations.

It is to note that online forms as research tools for surveys had scarce use in the violence surveys here analyzed.

Yet, online survey forms can be valuable tools for research on violence, as they allow for data to be collected confidentially and anonymously, without the need for displacement or face-to-face approach by an interviewer, which can encourage people to provide more sensitive information in detail about experiences of violence that can be difficult to report in person. Besides, online forms can be quickly disseminated through a broaden scope⁸⁴84 Rasmussen V, Steel Z, Spangaro J, et al. Investigating the prevalence of intimate partner violence victimisation in women presenting to the emergency department in suicidal crisis. Emerg Med Australas. 2021;33(4):703-710. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1742-6723.13714
https://doi.org/10.1111/1742-6723.13714... , increasing the possibility of responses coming from people from most remote regions.

However, studies reveal that the use of online tools for studies on violence tends to increase the representation of younger people to the detriment of older ones, which may cause bias in the results⁸⁵85 Peraud W, Quintard B, Constant A. Factors associated with violence against women following the COVID-19 lockdown in France: Results from a prospective online survey. PLoS One. 2021;16(9):e0257193. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257193
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.025... . One of the indications of the literature specialized in remote surveys is that they be carried out by means of short and simple questions, easy to be understood by the respondents, and with the aid of powerful tools capable of ensuring total data security⁸⁶86 Reis AP, Góes EF, Pilecco FB, et al. Desigualdades de gênero e raça na pandemia de Covid-19: implicações para o controle no Brasil. Saúde debate. 2020;44(esp4):324-340. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-11042020E423
https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-11042020E42... , ⁸⁷87 Seff I, Vahedi L, McNelly S, et al. Remote evaluations of violence against women and girls interventions: a rapid scoping review of tools, ethics and safety. BMJ Glob Health. 2021;6(9):e006780. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006780
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-00678... .

Population-based surveys and studies are essential tools for understanding violence. When well performed, by means of comprehensive, sensitive, and careful variables, they help to identify the prevalence and patterns of violence, as well as the risk and protective factors connected to violence. Thus, they also subsidize the identification of predictors, social determinants, risk and protection factors, as allow for the evaluation of the existing interventions effectiveness and guide the design of new policies and strategies for prevention and care of victims⁵5 Victora CG. Por que precisamos de inquéritos populacionais sobre saúde? Cad Saúde Pública. 2022;38(supl1):e00010222. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311XPT010222
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311XPT01022... , ¹⁵15 Silva VSTM, Pinto LF. Inquéritos domiciliares nacionais de base populacional em saúde: uma revisão narrativa. Ciênc saúde coletiva. 2020;26(9):4045-4058. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232021269.28792020
https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232021269... .

Limitations of the review

The main limitation of this study was the lack of description as to the variables analyzed by some surveys, and the lack of availability of forms and instruments for data collection in open format. The lack of full data retrieval instruments made it impossible to list and analyze in depth the variables adopted by all the surveys included in this study.

Conclusions

Main variables and matters investigated by the surveys included in this scoping review aimed to identify the risk and protective factors related to violence and to evaluate existing programs, interventions and policies for the handling of their consequences and guidance in the design of new public policies, strategies and cost-effective interventions for good practices in the care of victims of those violences. It is to advise that surveys be carried out with vulnerable populations based on age range, socioeconomic condition or gender or race/color, allowing for a more in-depth and intersectional analysis of types of violence. It is also important to say that data on violence can be related to various variables and social determinants of health so that a profile can be drawn and public policies can be developed to fight against the types of violence occurring in various spheres of society.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the State University of Campinas – School of Nursing (FEnf UNICAMP), and the Institute of Advanced Studies of the University of São Paulo (IEA USP) for their institutional support for the fulfillment of this study. We would also like to thank the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) for financing this review.

References

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History