Abstract

We investigated the feasibility of including plasma anti-NMDAR antibody screening in the assessment of first-episode psychosis patients in an early intervention programme in the Southern hemisphere. Anti-NMDAR IgG antibodies were assessed by ELISA in 166 patients (64.0% men), 166 matched population-based controls and 76 patients’ siblings (30.3% men). Fisher’s exact test and ANOVA were performed. Positive anti-NMDAR antibody patients were more often observed in bipolar disorder (10.0%) than schizophrenia (2.4%) or psychotic depression (3.1%), although no significant differences were observed. Our results are not conclusive regarding the inclusion of plasma anti-NMDAR IgG antibodies in differential diagnostic protocols for psychosis.

Key words
Antibodies anti-NMDAR; Bipolar disorder; Differential diagnosis; First-episode psychosis

Resumo

Nós investigamos a viabilidade de incluir a pesquisa de anticorpos anti-NMDAR na avaliação de pacientes em primeiro episódio psicótico em um programa de intervenção precoce no Hemisfério Sul. Anticorpos IgG anti-NMDAR foram avaliados por ELISA em 166 pacientes (64,0% homens), 166 controles de base populacional pareados e 76 irmãos (30,3% homens). Foram realizados teste exato de Fisher e ANOVA. Os anticorpos anti-NMDAR positivos foram mais observados no transtorno afetivo bipolar (10,0%) do que na esquizofrenia (2,4%) ou depressão psicótica (3,1%), embora não tenham sido observadas diferenças significativas. Nossos resultados não são conclusivos quanto à inclusão de anticorpos IgG anti-NMDAR no plasma em protocolos de diagnósticos diferenciais para psicose.

Palavras-chave
Anticorpos anti-NMDAR; Transtorno afetivo bipolar; Diagnóstico diferencial; Primeiro episódio psicótico

Introduction

Multiple factors may underlie the relationship between non-neurological autoimmune disorders and psychosis ¹1 Cullen AE, Holmes S, Pollak TA, Blackman G, Joyce DW, Kempton MJ, Murray RM, McGuire P, Mondelli V. Associations Between Non-neurological Autoimmune Disorders and Psychosis: A Meta-analysis. Biol Psychiatry 2019; 85(1):35-48., with particular interest being given to autoantibodies against the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR). In fact, this receptor plays an important role in psychosis ²2 Najjar S, Steiner J, Najjar A, Bechter K. A clinical approach to new-onset psychosis associated with immune dysregulation: the concept of autoimmune psychosis. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15(1):40.^,33 Loureiro CM, Shuhama R, Fachim HA, Menezes PR, Del-Ben CM, Louzada-Junior P. Low plasma concentrations of N -methyl- d -aspartate receptor subunits as a possible biomarker for psychosis. Schizophr Res 2018; 202:55-63. and in a variety of neurological and non-neurological autoimmune diseases, including not only encephalitis ⁴4 Kayser MS, Dalmau J. Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, autoimmunity, and psychosis. Schizophr Res 2016; 176(1):36-40., but also systemic lupus erythematosus ⁵5 Yang Y, Yuan C, Shen S-Q, Wang X-E, Mei Q-H, Jiang W-Q, Huang Q. Autoantibodies to NR2A Peptide of the Glutamate/NMDA Receptor in Patients with Seizure Disorders in Neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:5047898. and autoimmune thyroid disease ⁶6 Ikura T, Katsuse O, Chiba Y, Takahashi Y, Fujishiro H, Kamada A, Saito T, Hirayasu Y. Evaluation of titers of antibodies against peptides of subunits NR1 and NR2B of glutamate receptor by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in psychiatric patients with anti-thyroid antibodies. Neurosci Lett 2016; 628:201-206.. Patients affected by anti-NMDAR antibodies experience acute psychotic and other psychiatric manifestations, particularly at the onset of the illness ⁷7 Dalmau J, Gleichman AJ, Hughes EG, Rossi JE, Peng X, Lai M, Dessain SK, Rosenfeld MR, Balice-Gordon R, Lynch DR. Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies. Lancet Neurol 2008; 7(12):1091-1098.

8 Gono T, Kawaguchi Y, Kaneko H, Nishimura K, Hanaoka M, Kataoka S, Okamoto Y, Katsumata Y, Yamanaka H. Anti-NR2A antibody as a predictor for neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology 2011; 50(9):1578-1585

9 Hirohata S, Arinuma Y, Yanagida T, Yoshio T. Blood-brain barrier damages and intrathecal synthesis of anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor NR2 antibodies in diffuse psychiatric/neuropsychological syndromes in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 16(2):R77.

10 Sciascia S, Bertolaccini ML, Roccatello D, Khamashta MA, Sanna G. Autoantibodies involved in neuropsychiatric manifestations associated with systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review. J Neurol 2014; 261(9):1706-1714.^-1111 Lennox BR, Palmer-Cooper EC, Pollak T, Hainsworth J, Marks J, Jacobson L, Lang B, Fox H, Ferry B, Scoriels L, Crowley H, Jones PB, Harrison PJ, Vincent A, PPiP study team. Prevalence and clinical characteristics of serum neuronal cell surface antibodies in first-episode psychosis: a case-control study. Lancet Psychiatry 2017; 4(1):42-48.. The association between psychosis and peripheral autoimmune disorders has attracted attention and has led to recommendations that the presence of anti-NMDAR antibodies should be investigated routinely in first-episode psychosis (FEP) and in larger cohorts ¹²12 Chapman MR, Vause HE. Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: diagnosis, psychiatric presentation, and treatment. Am J Psychiatry 2011; 168(3):245-251.^,1313 van de Riet EH, Schieveld JN. First-onset psychosis, anti-NMDAR encephalitis, schizophrenia and Consultation-Liaison psychiatry. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2013; 35(4):442-423..

However, the presence of anti-NMDAR autoantibodies has also been reported among healthy individuals ¹⁴14 Hammer C, Stepniak B, Schneider A, Papiol S, Tantra M, Begemann M, Sirén A-L, Pardo LA, Sperling S, Jofrry SM, Gurvich A, Jensen N, Ostmeier K, Lühder F, Probst C, Martens H, Gillis M, Saher G, Assogna F, Spalletta G, Stöcker W, Schulz TF, Nave K-A, Ehrenreich H. Neuropsychiatric disease relevance of circulating anti-NMDA receptor autoantibodies depends on blood-brain barrier integrity. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19(10):1143-1149., resulting in uncertainty about their exact role in the neurobiology of psychosis. These discrepancies are being attributed to a variety of confounding factors, such as the duration of psychosis, substance misuse, psychotropic medication or the presence of other medical conditions ¹⁵15 Pearlman DM, Najjar S. Meta-analysis of the association between N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antibodies and schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder. Schizophr Res 2014; 157(1-3):249-258.. Another unsolved question is related to the role that environmental factors may play in the immune response, given that the vast majority of studies have been carried out in the Northern hemisphere.

We investigated the plasma concentrations of anti-NMDAR IgG antibodies in adult Brazilian patients during the early stages of psychosis compared with their unaffected siblings and population-based controls in order to investigate if the prevalence of these antibodies in a sample from the South hemisphere would be similar to those observed in other parts of the globe. Moreover, we intended to verify the feasibility of plasma anti-NMDAR detection as a routine screening tool for FEP. We chose qualitative ELISA as an initial protocol based on previous reports that used this test to detect levels of anti-NMDAR antibodies in the screening of other clinical conditions, such as systemic lupus erythematous ⁵5 Yang Y, Yuan C, Shen S-Q, Wang X-E, Mei Q-H, Jiang W-Q, Huang Q. Autoantibodies to NR2A Peptide of the Glutamate/NMDA Receptor in Patients with Seizure Disorders in Neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:5047898.^,88 Gono T, Kawaguchi Y, Kaneko H, Nishimura K, Hanaoka M, Kataoka S, Okamoto Y, Katsumata Y, Yamanaka H. Anti-NR2A antibody as a predictor for neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology 2011; 50(9):1578-1585. For the completion of the clinical assessment, we reviewed the medical records of patients who were positive for plasma anti-NMDAR antibodies to search for peculiarities in clinical presentations over a three-year follow-up period.

Methods

Participants

This was a case-sibling-control study as part of an epidemiological study aimed to investigate the incidence and aetiology of psychosis in Ribeirão Preto catchment area (Brazil), the “Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses Translational Research: Environment and Molecular Biology” (STREAM) ¹⁶16 Jongsma HE, Gayer-Anderson C, Lasalvia A, Quattrone D, Mulè A, Szöke A, Selten J-P, Turner C, Arango C, Tarricone I, Berardi D, Tortelli A, Llorca P-M, Haan L, Bobes J, Bernardo M, Sanjuán J, Santos JL, Arrojo M, Del-Ben CM, Menezes PR, Velthorst E, Murray RM, Rutten BP, Jones PB, van Os J, Morgan C, Kirkbride JB, European Network of National Schizophrenia Networks Studying Gene-Environment Interactions Work Package 2 (EU-GEI WP2) Group. Treated Incidence of Psychotic Disorders in the Multinational EU-GEI Study. JAMA Psychiatry 2018; 75(1):36., which is part of the multinational consortium “European Network of National Schizophrenia Networks Studying Gene-Environment Interactions” (EU-GEI)¹⁷17 European Network of National Networks studying Gene-Environment Interactions in Schizophrenia (EU-GEI). Identifying Gene-Environment Interactions in Schizophrenia: Contemporary Challenges for Integrated, Large-scale Investigations. Schizophr Bull 2014; 40(4):729-736. aimed at investigating the aetiology, mechanisms and prognosis of first episode psychosis.

The case sample was composed by incident FEP patients identified in the mental health services of the catchment area from 1^st April 2012 to 31^st March 2015. The sample was composed of (a) patients aged between 16 and 64 years old, in their first contact with mental health services due to psychotic symptoms; (b) their siblings; and (c) population-based controls, matched by sex and age with the patients, as described previously ³3 Loureiro CM, Shuhama R, Fachim HA, Menezes PR, Del-Ben CM, Louzada-Junior P. Low plasma concentrations of N -methyl- d -aspartate receptor subunits as a possible biomarker for psychosis. Schizophr Res 2018; 202:55-63..

For the recruitment of community-based controls, we considered the census blocks as defined by the Brazilian census bureau (IBGE, http://censo2010.ibge.gov.br/materiais/guia-do-censo/operacao-censitaria.html). The census blocks were randomly selected in order to guarantee that all neighborhoods were equal in probability to be included in the study and to provide diversity in the social capital and vulnerability profiles.

The study was approved by the local Ethics committee. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Participants were initially evaluated by the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV clinical version, SCID-CV ¹⁸18 Del-Ben CM, Vilela JAA, Crippa JA de S, Hallak JEC, Labate CM, Zuardi AW. Confiabilidade da "Entrevista Clínica Estruturada para o DSM-IV - Versão Clínica" traduzida para o português. Rev Bras Psiquiatr 2001; 23(3):156-159.^,1919 First MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, Williams JBW. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders, Clinical Version (SCID-CV). New York: Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute; 1997. to confirm any psychotic disorder.

All the patients included in the study were followed in an early intervention programme for psychosis at the Clinical Hospital of the Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil, which is the regional reference for the specialized treatment of FEP and composed by inpatient and outpatient units. This service applies a standardised protocol for differential diagnosis at the moment of admission ²⁰20 Del-Ben CM, Rufino ACTBF, Azevedo-Marques JM, Menezes PR. Differential diagnosis of first episode psychosis: importance of optimal approach in psychiatric emergencies. Rev Bras Psiquiatr 2010; 32(Supl. 2):S78-S86., including detailed medical and psychiatric history, physical examination, blood screening (full blood count, urea, creatine, glutamine-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), prothrombin time, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), antinuclear antibody and syphilis serology) ²¹21 Mantovani C, Louzada-Junior P, Nunes EA, Figueiredo FP, Oliveira GR, Del-Ben CM. Antinuclear antibodies testing as a routine screening for systemic lupus erythematosus in patients presenting first-episode psychosis. Early Interv Psychiatry 2012; 6(3):322-325., besides urine tests to detect cannabis and cocaine metabolites, and neuroimaging exams (computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging). In face of any detected abnormalities in the initial screening, further exams were performed, according to the diagnostic hypothesis.

Detection of anti-NMDAR antibodies

Five milliliters of peripheral blood were collected from all participants in EDTA tubes. The samples were centrifuged for 10 minutes at 3,500 rpm, 4°C and the plasma was separated, aliquoted and stored in a freezer at -80°C. We used 50 µL of plasma for qualitative enzyme immunoassay of human NMDA IgG antibody via an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), according to the manufacturer’s instructions (MyBioSource, San Diego, CA). For calculation of the valence of human anti-NMDA IgG antibodies, each sample was compared with the control provided by the kit. The presence of anti-NMDAR IgG antibodies was considered positive when the optical density ratio (sample well/control) was ≥2.1. The coefficient of variation was <15% for intra- and inter-assays. This assay has high sensitivity and excellent specificity for detection of human NMDAR IgG antibody.

Clinical Reassessment

The medical records of the patients’ positive for anti-NMDAR IgG antibodies were reviewed over a three-year follow-up period to investigate the presence of eventual abnormalities in the clinical presentations at the moment of admission, complementary exams, longitudinal evolution and responses to treatment, that could be an indicative of impairment of immunological dysfunctions or other medical conditions.

Statistical analysis

Data were analysed using the SPSS, version 20.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc). Mean and standard deviations were calculated for continuous variables, and frequencies and percentages were calculated for categorical variables. Categorical and continuous variables were analysed using Fischer´s exact test and one-way ANOVA, respectively. The alpha criterion was set to 0.05.

Results

The sample was composed by 166 patients (64.0% males), 84 of whom were diagnosed on the schizophrenia spectrum, 50 with bipolar disorder, and 32 with psychotic depression. In addition, 76 siblings (69.7% females) and 166 paired controls (63.9% males) were included. The mean age of the participants was 31.0±11.9 years old, without significant differences observed among the groups [F _(2,405)=0.40; p=0.674]. The interval between psychosis onset and the blood collection varied from less than one month to 23 months (median=16.5).

Positivity for anti-NMDAR IgG antibodies was found in eight (4.8%) patients, one sibling (1.3%) and six (3.6%) controls, without significant differences being observed among the groups (Fisher´s exact test=1.58, p=0.483). The presence of IgG antibodies was more often observed in patients with bipolar disorder (n=5, 10.0%) than in patients with schizophrenia (n=2, 2.4%) or psychotic depression (n=1, 3.1%), but no statistically significant difference among the groups was observed (Fisher´s exact test=5.75 p=0.172).

Chart 1 shows a brief description of the clinical presentation and longitudinal evolution of the eight patients with positive plasma anti-NMDAR IgG antibodies. The duration of untreated psychosis ranged from less than one to more than 52 weeks (median=6). Four patients reported cannabis misuse. All patients, except one, underwent cranial computed tomography in the week of the first admission. Encephalon magnetic resonance was performed in six out of eight patients within 10 months of admission. No structural abnormalities were found in the neuroimaging assessments. Similarly, no registers of abnormalities were found regarding the medical histories or physical examinations in the patients’ records. The initial screening indicated higher levels of TSH in two patients and higher levels of GOT in a third patient, but further investigations did not confirm thyroid or liver abnormalities, respectively. The longitudinal follow-up did not indicate any peculiarities of other medical conditions, confirming the initial diagnosis of a primary mental disorder.

Discussion

In this study, we investigated the prevalence of plasma anti-NMDAR IgG antibodies in first episode psychosis and the feasibility of including the detection of these antibodies as a routine test for differential diagnosis in the early stages of psychosis. We also highlight the quality of our control sample. In our study, the number of attempts necessary to find an eligible volunteer was high (29 attempts per census) and the population-based methodology adopted in this study distinguishes from previous investigations besides strengthening the validity of our research.

We found peripheral anti-NMDAR antibodies in 4.8% of our patients. However, these rates did not seem to have clinical relevance since the presence of plasma anti-NMDAR IgG antibodies was also observed in the controls (3.6%) and in the patients’ siblings (1.3%). The rates of anti-NMDAR positivity observed in our study were in agreement with those previously described in both psychotic patients ¹⁵15 Pearlman DM, Najjar S. Meta-analysis of the association between N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antibodies and schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder. Schizophr Res 2014; 157(1-3):249-258.^,2222 Witte LD, Hoffmann C, van Mierlo HC, Titulaer MJ, Kahn RS, Martinez-Martinez P, European Consortium of Autoimmune Mental Disorders (CAIMED). Absence of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor IgG Autoantibodies in Schizophrenia: The Importance of Cross-Validation Studies. JAMA Psychiatry 2015; 72(7):731-733. and healthy controls ¹⁴14 Hammer C, Stepniak B, Schneider A, Papiol S, Tantra M, Begemann M, Sirén A-L, Pardo LA, Sperling S, Jofrry SM, Gurvich A, Jensen N, Ostmeier K, Lühder F, Probst C, Martens H, Gillis M, Saher G, Assogna F, Spalletta G, Stöcker W, Schulz TF, Nave K-A, Ehrenreich H. Neuropsychiatric disease relevance of circulating anti-NMDA receptor autoantibodies depends on blood-brain barrier integrity. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19(10):1143-1149.^,2323 Steiner J, Bogerts B. N-Methyl-d-aspartate receptor autoantibodies in schizophrenia and affective disorders. Schizophr Res 2015; 162(1-3):291.. Even without statistical significance, we identified that anti-NMDAR antibodies were more frequently present in bipolar disorder than in other conditions, a finding that was also in agreement with previous data ²⁴24 León-Caballero J, Pacchiarotti I, Murru A, Valentí M, Colom F, Benach B, Pérez V, Dalmau J, Vieta E. Bipolar disorder and antibodies against the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor: A gate to the involvement of autoimmunity in the pathophysiology of bipolar illness. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 55:403-412..

Increasing evidence demonstrate the importance of glutamatergic neurotransmission mediated by NMDARs not only in schizophrenia but also in mood disorders²⁵25 Maletic V, Raison C. Integrated neurobiology of bipolar disorder. Front Psychiatry 2014; 5:98.^,2626 Rosenthal-Simons A, Durrant AR, Heresco-Levy U. Autoimmune-induced glutamatergic receptor dysfunctions: conceptual and psychiatric practice implications. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 23(12):1659-1671.. Bipolar disorders are characterized by altered levels of glutamate abnormalities in gene expression, concentration and NMDAR function²⁷27 Ghasemi M, Phillips C, Trillo L, De Miguel Z, Das D, Salehi A. The role of NMDA receptors in the pathophysiology and treatment of mood disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 47:336-358.. An autoimmune process involving NMDAR was recently described as a possible biological correlation of the pathophysiology of bipolar disorders in a cohort of 60 manic patients, which showed high levels of autoantibodies against NR2 subunit²⁸28 Dickerson F, Stallings C, Vaughan C, Origoni A, Khushalani S, Yolken R. Antibodies to the glutamate receptor in mania. Bipolar Disord 2012; 14(5):547-553.. Overall, our results suggested that the presence of plasma anti-NMDAR antibodies in Brazilian participants exhibited a similar pattern to those observed worldwide.

Reviews of the medical records of the eight patients with positive anti-NMDAR antibodies did not indicate peculiarities in the initial clinical presentation, longitudinal evolution or treatment response; a finding that was similar to what has been described for children and adolescents in Australia ²⁹29 Pathmanandavel K, Starling J, Merheb V, Ramanathan S, Sinmaz N, Dale RC, Brilot F. Antibodies to surface dopamine-2 receptor and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor in the first episode of acute psychosis in children. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 77(6):537-547.. Additionally, no abnormalities were found in the complementary blood or neuroimaging tests.

As we aimed to verify the feasibility of including anti-NMDAR antibody screening in the clinical protocol, we chose qualitative ELISA as an initial test. In addition to being less expensive, this test does not require a great deal of professional experience ³⁰30 Patel D, Egner W, Gleeson D, Wild G, Ward A. Detection of serum M2 anti-mitochondrial antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is potentially less specific than by immunofluorescence. Ann Clin Biochem 2002; 39(Pt 3):304-307.^,3131 Rondeel JM. Immunofluorescence versus ELISA for the detection of antinuclear antigens. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2002; 2(3):226-232. and is widely used in the screening of clinical conditions, such as systemic lupus erythematous ⁵5 Yang Y, Yuan C, Shen S-Q, Wang X-E, Mei Q-H, Jiang W-Q, Huang Q. Autoantibodies to NR2A Peptide of the Glutamate/NMDA Receptor in Patients with Seizure Disorders in Neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:5047898.^,88 Gono T, Kawaguchi Y, Kaneko H, Nishimura K, Hanaoka M, Kataoka S, Okamoto Y, Katsumata Y, Yamanaka H. Anti-NR2A antibody as a predictor for neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology 2011; 50(9):1578-1585. Although indirect immunofluorescence is often considered the gold standard for monitoring autoimmune diseases ¹⁴14 Hammer C, Stepniak B, Schneider A, Papiol S, Tantra M, Begemann M, Sirén A-L, Pardo LA, Sperling S, Jofrry SM, Gurvich A, Jensen N, Ostmeier K, Lühder F, Probst C, Martens H, Gillis M, Saher G, Assogna F, Spalletta G, Stöcker W, Schulz TF, Nave K-A, Ehrenreich H. Neuropsychiatric disease relevance of circulating anti-NMDA receptor autoantibodies depends on blood-brain barrier integrity. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19(10):1143-1149.^,3232 Schou M, Sæther SG, Borowski K, Teegen B, Kondziella D, Stoecker W, Vaaler A, Reitan SK. Prevalence of serum anti-neuronal autoantibodies in patients admitted to acute psychiatric care. Psychol Med 2016; 46(16):3303-3313., this method has been criticized for being less sensitive to the detection of anti-NMDAR antibodies ²²22 Witte LD, Hoffmann C, van Mierlo HC, Titulaer MJ, Kahn RS, Martinez-Martinez P, European Consortium of Autoimmune Mental Disorders (CAIMED). Absence of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor IgG Autoantibodies in Schizophrenia: The Importance of Cross-Validation Studies. JAMA Psychiatry 2015; 72(7):731-733.^,3333 Steiner J, Walter M, Glanz W, Sarnyai Z, Bernstein HG, Vielhaber S, Kästner A, Skalej M, Jordan W, Schiltz K, Klingbeil C, Wandinger K-P, Bogerts B, Stoecker W. Increased prevalence of diverse N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor antibodies in patients with an initial diagnosis of schizophrenia: specific relevance of IgG NR1a antibodies for distinction from N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor encephalitis. JAMA Psychiatry 2013; 70(3):271-278.. Moreover, cell-based assays, considered reliable methods for detecting anti-NMDAR antibodies³⁴34 Dahm L, Ott C, Steiner J, Stepniak B, Teegen B, Saschenbrecker S, Hammer C, Borowski K, Begemann M, Lemke S, Rentzsch K, Probst C, Martens H, Wienands J, Spalletta G, Weissenborn K, Stöcker W, Ehrenreich H. Seroprevalence of autoantibodies against brain antigens in health and disease. Ann Neurol 2014; 76(1):82-94.

35 Ehrenreich H. Autoantibodies against the N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor Subunit NR1: Untangling Apparent Inconsistencies for Clinical Practice. Front Immunol 2017; 8:181.^-3636 Komorowski L, Stoecker W, Fraune J, Probst C. Letter to the editor re: "Pitfalls in the detection of N-methyl-d-aspartate-receptor (NMDA-R) antibodies" accurate evaluation of anti-NMDA-R cell-based assay avoids reporting of false positive results. Clin Biochem 2017; 50(7-8):458-459., have been shown to have low sensitivity to detect low titers of these antibodies³⁷37 Jézéquel J, Rogemond V, Pollak T, Lepleux M, Jacobson L, Gréa H, Iyegbe C, Kahn R, McGuire P, Vincent A, Honnorat J, Leboyer M, Groc L. Techniques and Methods Cell-and Single Molecule-Based Methods to Detect Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Autoantibodies in Patients With First-Episode Psychosis From the OPTiMiSE Project. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 82(10):766-772..

Positive anti-NMDAR antibodies in our large cohort Brazilian FEP patients, unaffected siblings and community-based controls may suggest that anti-NMDAR antibody represents an overall epiphenomenon rather than being relevant to the clinical presentation. Further studies should consider testing the validity, economic costs and clinical impact of different anti-NMDAR assay methods ³⁸38 Sinmaz N, Amatoury M, Merheb V, Ramanathan S, Dale RC, Brilot F. Autoantibodies in movement and psychiatric disorders: updated concepts in detection methods, pathogenicity, and CNS entry. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1351:22-38., including cerebrospinal measurement, and their combination in the screening of anti-NMDAR antibodies in psychosis.

Limitations

Our study has some important limitations that need to be addressed. We did not specify which NMDAR epitope would be detected and the IgG-type antibodies anti-NMDAR was measured at a single time point only. Further, we did not collect cerebrospinal fluid samples. Despite that, we highlight a few important strengths that distinguish our research from previous investigations, including clinical data assessed by the DSM-IV diagnosis, inclusion of neuroimaging exams and the longitudinal follow-up of our patients. Second and the most important, we analysed these anti-NMDAR antibodies not only in a large sample of early stages of psychosis, but also their unaffected siblings and population-based controls.

Despite these limitations, we believe that these results would be useful for doctors in psychiatric emergency services who assist FEP patients and need to improve their knowledge about differential diagnostic in relation to psychosis.

Conclusion

We have shown that the prevalence of anti-NMDAR in Southern hemisphere seems to be similar to those observed in other regions of the globe³⁹39 Pollak TA, McCormack R, Peakman M, Nicholson TR, David AS. Prevalence of anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) antibodies in patients with schizophrenia and related psychoses: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med 2014; 44(12):2475-2487.. However, considering the anti-NMDAR positivity has also been observed in community-based controls, our findings do not support the inclusion of the measurement of plasma anti-NMDAR IgG antibodies by qualitative ELISA for the purposes of differential diagnosis in psychosis.

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) for the financial support.

References

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History